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Chapter 14 Population and Urbanization

Terms in this set (35)

Demography
the study of the size, composition, growth (or shrinkage), and distribution of human population
Malthus theorem
an observation by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically (from 1 to 2 to 3), population grows geometrically (from 2 to 4 to 8)
Anti-Malthusians
populations are in transition, they will stabilize and eventually start to decline
population shrinkage
the process by which a country's population becomes smaller because its birth rate and immigrations are too low to replace those who die and emigrate
Demographic variables
the 3 factors that change the size of a population which include fertility, mortality, and net migration
fecundity
the number of children that women are capable of bearing
fertility rate
the number of children that the average women bears
crude birth rate
the annual number of live births per 1,000 population
crude death rate (mortality)
the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population
Net migration rate
the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population
immigrants
People moving into a country
emigrants
People moving out of a country
Growth Rate
the net change in a population after adding births, subtracting deaths, and either adding or subtracting net migration; can result in a negative number
female infanticide
deliberate killing of newborn female children (babies)
Zero Population
women bearing only enough children to reproduce the population
Population pyramid
a graph that represents the age and sex of a population
City
a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and do not produce their own food
Urbanization
the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities and has a growing influence on the culture
Gentrification
middle-class people moving into a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes
Suburbanization
the migration of people from the city to the suburbs
Rural rebound
return back to small towns and rural areas
norm of noninvolvement
(tune out) to avoid intrusions (interactions) from strangers, urban dwellers follow a norm of noninvolvement
Diffusion of Responsibility
the more bystanders there are, the less likely people are to help
Redlining
a decision by the officers of a financial institution not to make loans in a particular area
Disinvestment
the withdrawal of investments by financial institutions (banks), which seals the fate of an urban area
Deindustralization
the process of industries and jobs moving out of a country or region
Urban renewal
the rehabilitation of a rundown area, which usually results in the displacement of the poor who are living in that area
The two controls (checks) on population
1) Preventative checks
2) Positive checks
Preventative check
postponing marriage and reproduction, keeping birth rates low
Positive checks
wars, famine, and other factors, keeping the death rates high
Status of parenthood
the more children, the greater the status
Cultural tradition
children are welcomed blessings from God
Children as Economic Assets
workers and future family support
Middle-class flight
middle class moves out, taking economic and social capital away
Urban decline
city loses people and resources
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