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American Indian History - 257

Terms in this set (39)

Basic areas that L+C met Indians
South Dakota - Lakota/Sioux
North Dakota - Mandan/Hidatsa
Idaho - Shohshoni/Nez Perce
Oregon -Chinooks/Clatsops
Indiana- Shawnee
Why did Jefferson send Lewis and Clark
They were to proclaim American sovereignty over the area, prepare the way
for American commerce with the tribes, and gather as much information as possible
about this "new land" and the many Indian peoples who inhabited it
Also to find a water route that would cross to the Pacific "North West Passage"
What did Jefferson tell L+C?
"In all your intercourse with the natives," Jefferson instructed Lewis, "treat them
in the most friendly and conciliatory manner which their own conduct will permit."
How did the "Sioux" interact with Lewis and Clark?
Demanded tribute to continue up-river
How did the Mandan interact with L+C?
The Mandan traded with and taught L+C about what they would see as they traveled, hunted and fought together and even slept together
*Sakakawea joined here and married a French-Canadian trader
L+C journal only source for the Mandan period?
No, their are artists paintings and interpretations of the people and their homes
What gave the artists a sense of urgency?
They regarded Indians as part
of a vanishing frontier, doomed as "civilization" engulfed their world.
What happened to the Mandan in the 1837?
Epidemic destroyed them
How did Sacagawea assist Lewis and Clark?
Interpreter
How did the Shoshonis and Nez Perce interact with Lewis and Clark?
Shoshoni provided horses and the Nez Perce took them in and fed them when they crossed the mountain
How did the Chinooks and Clatsops interact with Lewis and Clark?
They swore a lot, drove hard bargains and didn't care much for L+C since they didn't have anything to trade with
Was this the beginning of history in the West?
No, just the beginning of American history in the West.
Was July 1806 the first time the Blackfeet had encountered Europeans?
No, they had been trading with trappers for years and had cornered the gun market
How did the Blackfeet view Lewis and Clark?
Weak people that could be easily stolen from
As best you can, try to get the gist of what happened, according to Lewis's account of the Blackfeet meeting.
Lewis saw the Blackfeet from a good distance and began to approach, BF noticed and began to run for their horses, very skittish until they actual get up close, camp together and attempt to broker peace, night falls and everyone sleeps, when Lewis wakes up the BF are stealing their guns. Lewis+company attack a bunch of teenagers
Should historians limit themselves exclusively to written sources? Why or why not?

Are oral sources infallible? Are written sources infallible?
...
Who was York, and what did the Mandans think about him?
Clarks African American servant, the Mandans thought he was mesmerizing and possessed special powers
What approach did Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa take in dealing with the "Long Knives"?

(Americans)? Why? What happened to their vision?
They urged their people to reject Christianity, refuse intermarriage and alcohol, avoid contact with the "children of the Evil Spirit"

The vision and unity died shortly after the death of Tecumseh in 1813
What is the title of the section that begins at the bottom of page 275?
Surviving behind the Frontier: Race, Class, and History in Nineteenth-Century New England
What did Alexis de Tocqueville proclaim about the Indians in the East?
"All the Indian tribes who once inhabited
the territory of New England — the Narragansetts, the Mohicans, the Pequots — now live only in men's memories."
What was the title of the famous book by James Fenimore Cooper, and what message does the title convey?
The Last of the Mohicans. That Indians were a doomed race
How does the information conveyed in pp. 275-281 compare to the assertions made or implied by Tocqueville and Cooper?
While confined to small reservations or otherwise removed from the area, the Indians were not doomed for extinction
Cherokee womens view on removal
They attempted to guilt trip their men into staying. They wanted to remain in the land that "God had given them"
How did CT play a role in Cherokee history?
Elias Boudinot was educated here and started a paper called "The Cherokee Phoenix"
Andrew Jacksons view on indians
Racially inferior, unable to change, will always remain savages no matter how white-washed
Calloway refers to Andrew Jacksons views and methods as what?
Ethnic/Racial Cleansing
Did all white Americans support Cherokee removal?
Not even close
Who was Theodore Frelinghausen and what were his views on Indian Removal?
New Jersey Senator who basically said stop being jerks and taking more land than we need, God put these tribes here and we are taking advantage of them.
"no argument can shake the political maxim, that, where the Indian always has been, he enjoys an absolute right still to be,
in the free exercise of his own modes of thought, government, and conduct."
Who was Jeremiah Evarts and what were his views on Indian Removal?
Evarts, also known as William Penn, was a Christian Missionary and the leader of The American Board of Commissions for Foreign Missions said "That the removal of any nation of Indians from their country by force would be an instance of gross and cruel oppression"

extra - "Such a retention of their country is no just cause of complaint or offence to any State or to any individual. It is merely an exercise of natural rights which rights have been not only acknowledged but repeatedly and solemnly confirmed by the United States...."
Who was Catherine Beecher and what were her views on Indian Removal?
Elder sister to Harriet Beecher-Stowe, an educator who attempted to rally the women of this country with a petition to persuade others of the Indians right to their land that is supposed to be protected by the government

"portrayed the "poor Indian[s]" as a dignified people, no longer "naked and wandering savages," who had made much progress towards becoming Christian and civilized"
Who was John Ross?
Cherokee chief born of a Scottish father and a mother who was part Cherokee - worked with the U.S. Government to try to prevent Indian removal by every means short of war.
How does John Ross's approach compare to other notable Indian leaders?
Compared to leaders such as Tecumseh and Metacom he did much better. Their resistances were violent but ended pretty quick. At least Ross got his people out alive. Although, to many, death would have been preferable.
Calloways notice of Supreme Court Cases
1. Worcester v. Georgia (1832)- the Cherokee Nation was "a distinct community, occupying its own territory" in
which "the laws of Georgia can have no force."

2. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)- The Cherokees and other Native tribes in the United States, he decided, were "domestic dependent nations" who had retained some aspects of
their sovereignty through treaties.
What is the Treaty of New Echota?
The agreement signed in 1835 was an agreement by the Cherokees to relocate. Signed by Major Ridge, John Ridge, Elias Boudinot and others.
Did President Jackson plan to enforce the Supreme Court decisions, or was he more inclined to let the state of Georgia pursue its agenda towards the Cherokees?
President Jackson had no intention of enforcing any laws or decisions that favored the Indians
What did John Ross believe was the best course of action for the Cherokees?
To assimilate into their culture and when pressed, to fight the Americans they way they do: In court.
What did leaving their homelands mean to the Cherokees?
Basically, they were betrayed. Sickened. Dehumanized. It meant the end of the Cherokee as they knew it.
Is American history solely a story of triumph and progress? Be able to use an example or two from this reading to explain your answer
No, it is not.

1. The experiences of American Indians during the years of nation building seemed to tell a story of decline and suffering rather than of "progress"
and "the pursuit of happiness."

2. Recognize invasion, racism, and acts of genocide, along with pioneering, liberty, and equality, as part of America's history

"There is no single history that tells the whole story; there can be many different histories,
telling many different stories, and many different ways of remembering, recording,
and recounting the past"
Is American Indian history solely a story of victimization, defeat, and disappearance? Be able to use an example or two from this reading to explain your answer.
Obviously not!

1. They responded to invasion in a variety of ways and coexisted with the newcomers as often as they fought against them. i.e. The Cherokee's going to court against Georgia

2. Mary Jemison

3. Pueblo War for Independence***
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