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Practice Final Exam Review History 101 (History of Western Civilization) - Northern Virginia Community College

Terms in this set (182)

romulus
one of the founders of rome according to myth
republic
rome is known for the founding of a
legion
The roman army is known for fielding a force of 6,000 men called a
dictator
julius caesar was a roman
marching his troops on rome to intimidate the senate
sulla helped destroy the republic by
reforms that allowed the poorer classes to join the military as a career
gaius marius
sulla's dictatorship
the triumvirate filled the gap in leadership caused by
corrupt
as the romans became more powerful many of their leaders became more
patron/client
roman republican community included a system of mutual responsibility known as
races, baths, markets
roman civ. was known for their community enjoyment of public
julius caesar
the month of july is named for
caesar augustus
the month of august is named for
jewish victory over the greeks
hanukkah is a celebration of
one year
roman consuls were elected for
senate
group of elders and respected men that advised the roman republic
carthage
the city of rome defeated this city in the three punic wars
the vikings
new barbarian invaders during the time of charlemagne
feudalism
new post roman military-political system
emperor
highest noble title within the western tradition
doge
leader of the most serene republic of venice
seljuk turks
their attacks on the roman empire eventually provoked the crusades
henry ||
initiator of the common law in england
edward |
led the final crusade to the holy land
military orders
catholic religious societies during the crusades for the protection of christians
knights
mounted warriors following the code of chivalry
judicial duel
a violent method of adjudication of accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession
the pope
highest religious official in western christendom
reconquista
long period of military conflict in iberia fought to liberate formerly christian lands
the crusades
military conflict initially fought by western christian forces to defend the eastern christians
castles
fortified dwellings first built in response to the threats and instability of the dark ages
peace of god
a proclamation issued by local clergy that granted immunity from violence to noncombatants who could not defend themselves
1453
what year did the ottoman turks conquer the roman empire
1453
what year did the exiled romans (greeks from constantinople) arrive in italy?
1453
what year did the hundred years war end?
1492
what year was the christian reconquista in spain completed
1492
what year did colombus sail in search of a passage to the east
india
where was colombus actually trying to go to
the black plague
what catastrophic event took place in the 14th century that broke down the social order and killed millions of people
the mongols
who were the greatest barbarian threat to europe and the middle east
dracula
prince vlad of wallachia is also known by what name
ottomans
prince vlad of wallachia was famous for his battles against the
the mongols
the black plague was probably caused by an attempt to infect a besieged city by
gunpowder
in the 13th century these kinds of weapons were brought to europe by the mongols
magna carta
another name for the charter of the liberties of england
knights templar
this knightly order helped bring modern banking to europe
china and the west
the mongol empire created a bridge between
henry vii
winner of the war of the roses
spain
most powerful country in 16th century europe
house valois
rival of the hapsburg dynasty during the 16th century
house tudor
the dynasty that reformed and centralized english government and initiated the english reformation
france
despite their defeat in the 15th century, english kings continued to claim this country
turkish conquest of constantinople
the renaissance was helped by the greeks fleeing
charles v
spain and the holy roman empire were briefly united by
the reformation
division of the western church initially between north and south
elizabeth |
virgin queen of england
conquest of the new world
foundation of spanish power in europe
usually the result of capture during wars and was limited in some ways
slavery in sumerian society was
protestant reformation
the invention of movable type printing and the printing press made possible the
submission
the word "islam" means
advanced military technology, horses when one's opponent had none, disease when one's opponent is not immune, indigenous allies who believe they fought the lesser enemy
the spanish conquests in the americas demonstrated the advantage of
in intellectual and cultural history, marked by a new interest in the study of classical learning
historians TODAY generally use the term "renaissance" to refer to a period:
were capable administrators who governed successfully
those who ruled rome from 96-180CE were called the "five good emperors" because they:
classical learning was the foundation on which christian wisdom rested
underlying the carolingian renaissance was the basic conviction that
greek-style cities
to control his newly-created empire, alexander constructed:
was a means of legitimizing social positions acquired through either bravery or skill
chivalry:
an efficient bureaucracy
the stability of the byzantine government was the product of:
it made lutheranism a legal religion in the holy roman empire, but did not extend recognition to calvanism
what was the significance of the peace of augsburg(1555)
w/ its decentralized government and its diverse population of catholics, protestants, and jews, religious tolerance was the most practical option
why did the dutch republic develop a policy of religious toleration
to tightly restrict social, economic, and intellectual contact with the "ungodly" west
what was one of the chief goals of ivan the terrible
a combination of religious disputes, ethnic competition, and political weakness in central europe
what describes the origins of the thirty years war (1618-1648)
the french king louis X||| hoped to profit from spain's troubles in the netherlands and from the austrian emperor's conflicts with protestants in his empire
why did catholic france join the thirty years' war in 1635, more than a decade after the war began?
it resulted in widespread suffering and devastation, and also led to peasant revolts and even outbreaks of plague
how did the thirty years war affect european civilians?
it led to the disappearance of the peasantry, as impoverished peasants were forced off their land, often into homelessness and debt
how did the economic crisis of the early 17th century affect the status of the peasantry in northern europe?
primarily protestant northern europeans invested in new agricultural techniques and the robust atlantic trade, eclipsing southern europe's mediterranean trade and population decline
why did the balance of economic power shift to northern europe in the seventeenth century?
they charted private joint-stock companies to import new goods and natural resources, and they invested in the burgeoning slave trade and plantation economies in the new world
in what was did european states engage in economic and political competition in the new world?
religion became a matter of private conscience rather than public policy, thus allowing people to seek non religious explanations for natural phenomena
how did the long-term process known as secularization affect the study of science and the natural world?
the nature of power and the crisis of authority
although william shakespeare did not set plays like "hamlet in his own era, they nevertheless reflect what primary concern of his age?
scientists, lawyers, physicians, and clergy came to believe that the accusations were based on superstition and in many areas the catholic church reasserted her authority over religious interpretation
why did witchcraft trials begin to decline in the mid seventeenth century?
the fear of disorder and breakdown that was the legacy of the fronde revolts
seventeenth-century absolutism was a political response to which development
after his experience with the fronde, he sought to domesticate the warrior nobles by replacing violence with court ritual
why did louis xiv place such immense importance on court ritual at the palace of versailles
hobbes favored a social contract as the basis for government legitimacy while championing absolutist rule (by king or parliament)
why did thomas hobbes's "leviathan" enrage both royalists and supporters of parliament
improvements in muskets, the rising price of slaves, and growing conflict between african tribes made slave capture easier and more profitable
(EXTRA CREDIT) historians have advanced several different ideas about the increase in the slave trade during the seventeenth century. what factor might explain this increase
the ottomans relied on turkish settlement of new territories, backed up by military control
(EXTRA CREDIT) how did ottoman attempts at state consolidation DIFFER from european attempts at state consolidation
they saw science as a means to enhance their prestige and invested monetary and social resources into scientific research
(EXTRA CREDIT) in what ways did government become involved in the sciences during the seventeenth century
dangerous degenerates in need of moral reform through harsh discipline
(EXTRA CREDIT) the 16th and 17th centuries departed from prior christian consensus in that the poor were no longer perceived as deserving of charity but as:
the rights of all calvanists were revoked, their churches and schools closed, thousands fleed the country because of a forced conversion to catholicism (SO BASICALLY SHIT WENT DOWN WITH THE CALVANISTS)
(EXTRA CREDIT) what were the consequences of louis xiv's revocation of the edict of nantes
it pitted puritans against those trying to push the church of england toward traditional high church observance
(EXTRA CREDIT) why do some historians view the english civial war of 1642-1646 as the last great war of religion
to cities
civilizations refer to
hunter/gatherer
civilizations does NOT refer to
justify actions and position, maintain power
role of religion for kings of ancient egypt and mesopotamia
pro: helped justify action and maintain image, con: if king lost a war, fails in some way, etc. gods would "not be in favor" of him anymore, he could get overthrown
pros and cons of religion
mandate of heaven
if gods are no longer in favor of the king it is said that the dynasty has lost the
the king rules no matter what gods will is, no one can challenge him except for god (so they usually remain in power)
what is the divine right of kings in europe
civil war
what ended the bronze age
sea peoples
the diverse groups of raiders who devastated the eastern Mediterranean region in the period of violence
became the leading traders of the ancient
near east, and their economy was based on private
enterprise rather than on the exclusive royal control
over collection and redistribution of goods
characteristic of the redistributive economies
previously dominant in Mesopotamian city-states.
assyrians:
came to an end at around 600 B.C.E. due to a number of factors including military pressure by the Medes (a pastoral mountain people, again from the Zagros mountain range), the Babylonians, and possibly also civil war.
fall of assyrian empire
chaldeans established this. known for architecture, preserving literature
rise of neo babylonian empire
conquered by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BCE.
fall of neo babylonian empire
persians by cyrus
babylonians are conquered by
establishes persian empire as great empire
cyrus the great
TOLERANT empire builder, largely conquers and leaves established gov. order in place, leaves people in place, lets jews GO HOME TO JUDEA
what is cyrus the great known for
in the hebrew bible
featured alot in the hebrew bible
stretch and cover europe, asia, and africa combined
persian empire is the first empire to
europe to india
persians stretch all the way from
PERSIAN EMPIRE-CYRUS THE GREAT
most successful of early new eastern empires
roads, underground water channels, mining
technology of persian emmpire
zoroastrianism (ethical behavior and one supreme god)
persian religion
The conflict began after Athens gave assistance to the Ionians in their rebellion against Persia and its ruler, Darius.
cause of greco-persian conflict
greece FIRST attacked persian temple-persians then attack greek temples
action and reaction
person you disagree with has RIGHT TO RESPOND
wisdom of professor thompson
was not to tell you what they really think
right of response->best response
right of response
enemy has the
you assume actions don't have consequences
failure to respect others means that
persia responds to athens
greece-persia response (torch athens)
marathon
where did the persian invasion of greece stop
much larger invasion, that is actually successful, in BUILDING BRIDGES over theHELLESPONT
persian response to marathon
persians win battle of thermopylae
last stand of 300 @ battle of thermopylae--but who wins?
later
greece is able to ____ drive out persians
spartans
__________ put together own alliance to put athenians out of their way
peloponessian war
war between athens and sparta that goes on for almost 30 years.
sparta is located inland, athens can't use the navy
geographic advantage of sparta in peloponessian war
peloponessian war continued
Spartans invaded Athens; plague outbreak; Pericles died

-Sparta conquered Athens in 404 BC with the help of the Persians

- Peloponnesian War ended Athenian domination of Greece

- The weakened Greeks now had to look out for Macedonia and their leader Alexander the Great
alexander the great
Was born in Macedonia

- Son of Philip II, who conquered Greece in 338 BC after the battle of Chaeronea

- Philip's dream was to conquer the Persian Empire but he was assassinated before he could try
alexander takes persia
- Was only 20 years old when he conquered the Persian Empire

- Persia had been weakened since its wars with the Greeks

- 1st victory was at the Granicus River

- Conquered Babylon in 331 BC
alexander entered india but...
his army was too tired to continue

- this prevented him from taking India
legacy of alexander the great
- Alexander's lasting achievement was spreading Greek culture

- Hellenistic Culture= Greek Culture

- Cities were built all over his empire and named after him ( Alexandria, Egypt)
roman values
•Community Service
•Civic Nationalism
•Individual Honor
•Family Honor
•Law
•Leadership through consultation
These values were known as mos maiorum which
means "the way of the ancestors"
founding of rome
According to legend Rome was a kingdom for nearly 250 years before it became a
republic.
The last king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (who was an Etruscan FYI) was
overthrown in the year 509BC after his son raped the Roman woman Lucretia.
She told her relatives what happened and then committed suicide. The people of
Rome were outrage. They rose in revolt and overthrew the kings.
They then established a government without kings but they did not create a
democracy. They created a republic.
republic vs democracy
In a republic, a constitution or charter of rights protects certain inalienable rights that cannot be taken away by the government, even if it has been elected by a majority of voters. In a "pure democracy," the majority is not restrained in this way and can impose its will on the minority. The English word "Republic" comes right from the Latin "res publica" which
means "public matter." By this the Romans meant that government was not the
private right of kings. It belonged to the people of Rome.
The Republic was had a complex system of checks and balances.
roman relationships and power
The republic was divided into two classes of citizen: Patricians (nobles) and
Plebeians (commoners).
Individuals are also associated with one another through the Patron-client
system. It worked like this: Patrons looked out for their clients by supporting them
at trials and providing for them in hard times. The Client supported their Patron
by working for them during election time and providing funds for their ventures.
Citizens and non-citizens. The Romans maintained control of their country by
distinguishing between citizens and non-citizens. However the Romans often
allowed non-Romans to become citizens after they earned it by supporting Rome
or if they were freed slaves of Romans they could become citizens.
roman office rules
•Before a Roman man could serve in public office he had to
complete ten years of military service. Service started around age 20.
•After that he had to compete in the race up the "ladder of offices."
They did this to be eligible for the top job of Consul.
•During the Republic officials were not paid.
punic wars
romes wars with carthage are called the
hannibal
-terrified romans by marching troops and war elephants over alps into italy in second punic war
ordeal
going through something
brings back trial by jury
henry ||
trial
method for determining guilt or innocence
trial by ordeal
torture, survival situation
trial by jury
closest to roman method
trial by combat
trial by god
clothis
trial by ordeal
history by comparison->making a judgement (inference and comparison referring to the ROMANS
when we say dark ages, what are we doing?
urban areas collapse
dark ages what happens
medievalist->comes up with the term "dark ages", life is not good now, things were better BEFORE
patriarch is
education has COLLAPSED
POST DARK AGES
CHURCH
who must fill void in education post-dark ages
pope
post dark ages--who determines who is and isn't king
when you accept the crown, you're accepting authority to the crown, so popes say you're accepting MY authority to UN crown you
what happens when you accept the crown->> post dark ages
drawing church into politics
what happens w/ the church and politics in the dark ages
transitions w/ charlemagnes empire-->empire splits into three
transitions w/ charlemagnes empire post-dark ages
western and eastern empires attack middle
who fights who in the split empires
VIKINGS
what WEAKENS charlemagnes empire
its destabilizing, interrupts commerce/trade, must heavily militarize
effect of vikings on charlemagnes empire
knights
church establishes
churches view on warfare
edicts issued between 10th and 11th centuries
no european slaves bc no christian slaves
great achievement of catholic church
no urban centers
feudalism
no govt, trading the same way, education, aqueducts so towns must be located next to rivers SO MAJOR SETTLEMENTS ARE NOW VULNERABLE TO THE VIKINGS
consequences of no urban centers
islam
rise of new eastern religion, conquers persia and africa
byzantines=romans AFTER CRUSADES
ROMANS AND BYZANTINES
edward |||
100 years war is started by
reconquista
series of seperate wars over 800 years
henry ||
our legal system comes from
sugars (most important), spices, chocolate, and coffee beans transform european food market and economy
changing nature of european food
changes in european diet/changes how you eat
bc changes in the way food is prepared
sweet tooth-bad teeth
europeans have a sweet tooth
indict the heck out of europeans
they didnt have raw processed cane sugar
monks, pray, honey, and beer
age of exploration
increasing globilization and trading w/ india
age of exploration
spain
GOLD AND SILVER---> AGE OF EXPLORATION
SPAIN CAN NOW DEFEAT FRENCH
age of exploration spain can
hapsburg-bowwel wars
4 wars
major conflicts between france and spain
what were the hapsburg bowwel wars
spain smashed this empire
holy roman empire
henry vii
6 wives, DBDDBS, chopped off heads
henry vii-protestant to divorce his wife! cuz catholics said no
why did henry vii become protestant
expression of spanish power
wars between france and spain
against catholic church bc they support hellenic thought and it is now being challenged by catholics and protestant(hellenic guys are wrong)
what is the scientific revolution against
he is thought to be wrongly prosecuted, wrote dialogue of two world systems, gives popes words to dumbest character
why does prof. thompson not feel sorry for galileo
william harvey
makes some ppl made but eventually proves himself right (he's english) vs. Galen (greek). people had taken galens word to be true, didn't dispute it. harvey aggressively challenges galen, calls him a fraud and proves himself right
constantine
transition from paganism to christianity
barbarian invasions in rome
visigoths,goths, huns
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