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AP human geography Princeton Review book terms Chapter 1

Terms in this set (93)

activity space
an area where activity occurs on a daily basis
spatial
of or relating to space
place
an area of bounded space of some human importance
toponym
a place name
regions
an area of earth distinguished by a combination of cultural and physical features
sequent occupancy
the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place's history
place-specific
Several different historical layers to a certain place's culture, society, local politics, and economy
scale
the relationship of an object or place to the earth as a whole
map scale
describes the ration of distance on a map and distance in the real world
relative scale
describes the level of aggregation
level of aggregation
the level at which you group things together for examination
formal region
An area that has a measurable boundary
functional region
An area that involves the influence of a central node on its surrounding areas
vernacular region
An area defined by people's feelings and attitudes
homogeneous characteristic
similar characteristic
uniformity
The shared characteristic that defines a region
linguistic region
A region that shares the same language
regional boundaries
The border at which a region ends
culture regions
Region that shares similar cultural characteristics
political regions
Formal region that shares a government and has the same leaders
environmental region
Formal region defined measurable environmental traits
bioregions
Region that plants, animals, and humans have adapted to in a specific environment
ecotone
environmental transition zone between two bioregions
central place (node)
geographical centers of activity
market area (hinterland)
functional region where the area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services
distance decay
idea that the farther away different places are from a place of origin, less likely interaction will occur
area of influence
Area in which a phenomena is relevant
intervening opportuinity
an attraction at a shorter distance that takes precedence over another that is farther away
mental map
An individual's personal idea of where boundaries are based on their own perceptions
absolute location
defines a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude
relative location
the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature
notation
The way in which longitude and latitude is written
decimal degrees
coordinate system where decimals are used to divide partial degrees
International Date Line
located at 180 degrees longitude
Royal Naval Observatory
A landmark through which the prime meridian runs in Greenwich, England
site
refers to the physical characteristics of a place
situation
refers to a place by its relation to other places
distance
The measurement of space between two places
absolute distance
distance between two places as measured in linear units, such as miles or kilometers
relative distance
Distance measured, not in linear units, but in terms such as cost and time
Tobler's Law
all places are interrelated, but closer places are more related than farther ones
friction of distance
when the length of distance restrains the interaction between two points
space-time compression
decreased time and relative distance between places
central places
any node of human activity
central place theory
Developed in 1930s by Walter Christaller, in which the city location and the level of urban economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within market areas, which overlapped each other at different scales
core-periphery model
A model that describes how economic, political, and cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions
central business district (CBD)
the core of the urban landscape
cluster
when things are grouped together on the earth's surface
growth pole
Economic development takes place around a specific cluster
agglomeration
clustering purposefully around a central point
random pattern
distribution of a spatial phenomenon with no reason
scattered pattern
When objects that are normally ordered but appear dispersed
linear pattern
pattern in a straight line
sinuous pattern
pattern in a wavy line
land survey patterns
Have an effect on the property lines and political boundaries of states and provinces
metes and bounds
A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land
township and range
A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S interior
long-shot patterns
Have a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind
arithmetic density
density calculated by the number of things per square unit of distance
agricultural density
the number of farmers per unit area of arable land.
physiological density
The number of people supported by arable land
Malthusian theory
The idea that population is growing faster than the food supply needed to sustain it
expansion diffusion
diffusion that originates in a central place and then expands outward in all directions
hierarchical diffusion
The spread of an idea from nodes of authority to other people or places
relocation diffusion
The spread of an idea from physical movement of people to one place to another
contagious diffusion
Rapid spread of a characteristic from one point of origin outward to nearby locations
stimulus diffusion
A general or underlying principle diffuses and then simulates the creation of new ideas
thematic maps
Map designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area
isotherms
A line on a map connecting points having the same temperature
chloropleth maps
Map expressing the geographic variability of a particular theme using color varations
isoline maps
Maps that calculate data values between points across a variable surface
dot density maps
Maps that use dots to express volume and density of a geographic feature
flow-line maps
Maps that use lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a geographic movement pattern
cartograms
Maps that use simplified geometries to represent real-world places.
equal-area projections
projection that attempts to maintain the relative spatial science and areas on a map
Lambert projection
Equal area projection that bends and squishes the northern Canadian islands to keep them at the same map scale as southern Canada on a flat-sheet of paper
conformal projections
Projection that attempts to maintain the shape of polygons on the map
Mercator projection
Conformal projection in which the shape of Greenland is preserved, but appears to be much larger than south america
Robinson projection
Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It only minimizes the errors.
Goode's homolosine projection
shows continents well, but distorts oceans
spatial model
Model that attempts to show the commonalities in pattern among similar landscapes
urban model
Models that try to show how different cities have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures
demographic transition model
Model that uses population data to construct a general model of the dynamic growth in national scale populations without reference to space
Stage 1: low growth
Stage 2: high growth
Stage 3: Moderate growth
Stage 4: Low growth
Possible Stage 5: zero or negative growth
epidemiological transition model
There is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model.
Stage 1: Black plague
Stage 2: Cholera
Stage 3: Chronic disorders
Stage 4: Longer life expectancy
concentric zone model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
bid-rent curve
A theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center.
gravity model
Mathematical model used to calculate the pull between two places
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
A type of computer program that incorporates multiple geographic layers and is capable of spatial analysis and mapping
Navstar satellites
Satellites that help in determining location using GPS
aerial photography
photographs taken from the air or a high altitude
satellite-based remote sensing
A type of data collecting in which remote-sensing satellites use a computerized scanner to record data from the earths surface
hearth
point of origin/ place of innovation
Global Positioning system (GPS)
A system that utilizes a worldwide network of satellites, which emit a measurable radio signal
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