In the liver, amino acids are used to produce complex molecules by means of
anabolic processes
Which of the following cells in the gastric mucosa produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid?
parietal cells
Which of the following is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?
ileum
When highly acidic chime enters the duodenum, which hormone stimulated the release of pancreatic secretions that contains very high bicarbonate ion content?
secretin
Which of the following breaks protein down into peptides?
trypsin
In which structure is oxygenated blood (arterial) mixed with unoxygenated blood (venous) so as to support the functions of the structure?
liver
Which of the following stimulates increased peristalsis and secretions in the digestive tract?
vagus nerve
Which of the following is contained in pancreatic exocrine secretions?
bicarbonate ion
An alkaline environment is required in the duodenum to
activate intestinal and pancreatic enzymes
Which of the following processes is likely to occur in the body immediately after a meal?
glycogenesis
What does the term gluconeogenesis refer to?
formation of glucose from protein and fat
The early stage of vomiting causes
metabolic alkalosis
Prolonged vomiting cause a state of acidosis due to
catabolism of proteins and lipids
What is the first change in arterial blood gases with diarrhea?
decreased bicarbonate ion
Dehydration causes acidosis because of increased
hypovolemia and lactic acid production
Following gastric resection, the onset of nausea, cramps, and dizziness immediately after meals indicates
a large volume of chime has entered the intestines, causing distention
Which of the following is/are (a) manifestation(s) of hemolytic jaundice?
increased unconjugated bilirubin in the blood
Why does mild hyperbilirubinemia occur in newborns?
the immature liver cannot process bilirubin quickly enough
What is the major effect when a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct?
severe colicky pain in upper right quadrant
Which of the following applies to hepatitis A infection?
it is transmitted by the fecal-oral route
What can be concluded if the hepatitis B antigen level remains high in the serum?
chronic infection has developed
What is the most common type of hepatitis transmitted by blood transfusion?
HCV
What causes elevated serum level of AST and ALT during the preicteric stage of hepatitis?
necrosis of liver cells
What indicates the presence of third-stage alcohol hepatitis?
accumulation of fat in the hepatocytes and hepatomegaly
A primary factor causing encephalopathy with cirrhosis is the elevated
serum ammonia
In patients with cirrhosis, serum ammonia may increase when
bleeding occurs in the digestive tract
What is the primary cause of esophageal varices?
portal hypertension
What is the primary cause of increased bleeding tendencies associated with cirrhosis?
deficit of vitamin K and prothrombin
Which of the following is NOT usually present during the icteric stage of viral hepatitis?
esophageal varices
Which type(s) of hepatitis increase(s) the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?
HBV and HCV
Which of the following occurs with hepatitis B?
the liver is inflamed and enlarged
What is the initial pathological change in alcoholic liver disease?
accumulation of fat in hepatocytes with hepatomegaly
Which type of hepatitis virus requires the presence of hepatitis B virus so as to replicate?
HDV
Which of the following structures is most likely to be located in the renal medulla?
loop of Henle
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?
production of albumin
Which of the following describes the correct flow of blood in the kidney?
afferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole
Which of the following describes the flow of filtrate in the kidney?
Bowman's capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle
Which of the following describes the normal flow of urine?
collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder
Which statement about the bladder is TRUE?
Three openings from the urinary bladder form the trigone
Which of the following increases glomerular filtration rate?
increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
Normally, which of the following is reabsorbed completely from the filtrate?
glucose
Which substance directly controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?
antidiuretic hormone
Under what circumstances do cells in the kidneys secrete renin?
blood flow in the afferent arteriole decreases
Which of the following should be present in the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule?
sodium and potassium ions
From the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the glomerulus is inflamed
albumin
Which of the following is a significant indicator of renal insufficiency?
increased serum urea and creatinine
Choose the basic cause of osteodystrophy associated with chronic renal failure
failure of the kidney to activate vitamin D
The normal pH of urine is
4.5-8.0
Which of the following functions would be impaired when tubular epithelial cells have been damaged?
adjusting the specific gravity of the urine
When a respiratory infection with high fever is present in the body, how would the kidney tubules maintain normal pH of body fluids?
secrete more acids and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions
When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis, which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis?
active transport
What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?
an ascending infection by E. coli
Which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyuria?
cystitis
Why may acute pyelonephritis and cystitis follow untreated prostatitis?
there is a continuous mucosa along these structures
Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of
urinary casts and flank pain
In a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain?
inflammation, stretching the renal capsule
Which pathophysiologic process applies to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Uncontrolled essential hypertension may cause chronic renal failure because of
damage to afferent arterioles and renal ischemia
Autoregulation in the kidneys refers to
local minor reflex adjustments in the arterioles to maintain normal blood flow
The defective gene for Huntington's disease can be detected in carriers
True
The best description of a myelomeningocele is
herniation of the meninges, CSF, and spinal cord or nerves through a vertebral defect
What characteristics is common to all individuals with cerebral palsy?
a form of motor disability
Which of the following is characteristic of generalizes seizures?
the uncontrolled discharge of neurons in both hemispheres
What does the clonic stage of a seizure consist of?
alternating contractions and relaxation of skeletal muscles
Which type of seizure commonly occurs in children?
generalized absence
Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of advanced Parkinson's disease?
loss of vision
Which of the following classes of drugs may provide temporary improvement in cases of myasthenia gravis?
anticholinesterase agents
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a common contributing factor to AIDS dementia?
development of arteriosclerosis
Failure of the spinous processes to fuse but without herniation of the meninges is called
spina bifida occulta
Creutfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by
infection in the brain by a prion
In case of noncommunicating hydrocephalus, why does excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulate?
an obstruction is present in the aqueduct of Sylvius or other channel
All of the following are typical signs of hydrocephalus in the neonate EXCEPT
vomiting, headache, and paralysis
How is the presence of spina bifida diagnosed?
prenatally by ultrasound or detection of AFP in maternal blood or amniotic fluid
Which of the following applies to cerebral palsy?
nonprogressive brain damage to the fetus or neonate
From the following, choose the two events (in correct sequence) that immediately follow the aura during a tonic-clonic event
loss of consciousness, then the tonic stage
How would a seizure consisting of bizarre or inappropriate activity be classified?
a psychomotor seizure
Which of the following is characteristic of multiple sclerosis?
remissions and exacerbations
Which statement does NOT apply to the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis?
progressive random degeneration of peripheral nerves
Which of the following are common early signs of multiple sclerosis?
tremors, weakness in the legs, visual problems
Which of the following applies to Parkinson's disease?
onset occurs in men and women over 60 years of age
What is the pathophysiologic change in Parkinson's disease?
degeneration of the basal nuclei with a deficit of dopamine
Which of the following are common early manifestations of Parkinson's disease?
tremors at rest in the hands and difficulty initiating voluntary movements
In which type of neuron is progressive degeneration occurring with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
upper and lower motor neurons
Which of the following statements does NOT apply to myasthenia gravis?
dementia develops in the later stage
Which statement applies to Huntington's disease? It
presents with choreiform movements in the upper body and decreased ability to concentrate
What are the characteristic changes in the brain with Alzheimer's disease?
cortical atrophy with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, impairing conduction
Which disease is associated with excessive dopamine secretion, decreased gray matter in the temporal lobes, and abnormal hippocampal cells in the brain?
schiophrenia
In which disorders do biochemical abnormalities involving the neurotransmitters in the brain occur?