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Church History Final

Terms in this set (82)

apostasy
Total abandonment of the church or the catholic faith
diakona
greek term meaning "service"
ecumenism
The movement that seeks Christian unity and eventually the unity of all peoples throughout the world
kerygma
Greek word meaning "proclamation" of religious truths about Jesus Christ
Leitourgia
Latin term for liturgy, which means "work of the public"
magisterium
teaching authority of the Church
ecumenical council
A worldwide, official assembly of the bishops under the direction of the Pope
efficacious symbol
A description of sacrament; a sign of grace instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church
koinonia
Greek word for "fellowship"
Marks of the Church
Traditional signs of the Church: one, holy, catholic, and apostolic
Council of Jerusalem
Resolved the conflict between Peter and Paul, which had grown to threaten the Church unity
St. Justin Martyr
A notable apologist who tried to convince pagan intellectuals that Christianity is the truest and most intellectually satisfying philosophy; first apologist
St. Peter
The rock of the church, received teachings and instructions direct from Christ
St. Stephen
Was driven to the city and stoned, which made him the first martyr for the Church
St. Paul
Roman Jew, educated in Law, persecutor of the way, converts, was a huge evangelizer, wrote 13/27 epistles, preached to Jewish tradition, went on four journeys
apologist
a name used for Christian writers who defended the Church against anti-Christian writings or heresies through the use of reason and intellectual defenses
didache
The earliest known writing in Christianity aside from the New Testament; Greek word meaning "teaching"
orthodoxy
The state of adherence to accepted and traditional teachings of the faith
Edict of Milan
Issued in 313 by Constantine and Licinius, it tolerated Christianity throughout the Empire
First Council of Nicea
325- taught that dying people could be reconciled to the Church
Second Council of Nicea
787- supported the Pope's view that veneration of icons was an important means of educating the largely illiterate laity of the second mysteries of faith and permitted the use of icons
Fall of Rome
Many barbaric tribes were migrating to the West, the Empire was weak, Rome fell to Visigoth leader Alaric in 410, the City of Rome fell in 455 to Odoacer which ended the line of Roman emperors
Clovis
King of the Franks, turned on the heretical Goths who had converted to Arian controversy, and forced them to accept the orthodox faith
Charlemagne
Son of Pepin, after the death of his brother he emerged as a powerful king who ruled from 43 years until his death in 814; relentless in combating the Lombards, which earned him the title of "Protector of the Pope";Created the most powerful empire in the West since the Roman Empire
Arius
A priest from Alexandra who was greatly influenced by Greek philosophy and its exalted belief; held that Christ was God's greatest creature who was made before time, but a creature nonetheless
Charles Martel
Frankish leader, father of Pepin, he saw no personal benefit to enter into an alliance with the papacy against Lombard aggression
Mohammad
Had a conversion experience, claiming that the angel Gabriel visited him and gave him a series of revelations which his followers recorded in the Koran; developed Islam
Justinian
Emperor who ruled from 527-565, supervised the rebuilding of the magnificent church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and instituted a major reform of civil law to reflect Christian values
Pepin
Crowned as the Frankish king in 751, which helped to cement an alliance between the Franks and the papacy that would bear great fruit under his son, Charlemagne; Thought that aligning himself with the Pope would gain him status as the legitimate Christian ruler of the Franks
St. Ambrose
Became bishop in an unusually was- when a riot broke out in the city over who was to succeed the late Arian bishop, he led his military guard to the cathedral to peacefully settle the affair
The people wanted him to be bishop, but he tried to dissuade the crowd from the appointment, claiming that he was not baptized; Known for his administrative and legal skills
St. Augustine of Hippo
Most influential theologian after St. Paul
abandoned Christianity and joined the heretical group the Manicheans; came under the influence of Ambrose, had a conversion and went to Africa and founded a monastery
became bishop of Hippo in 396; defended against heresies and died as Vandals were coming into the Roman empire
St. Boniface
a British monk who set up monasteries, challenged pagan gods, and created an effective relationship with Frankish leaders
St. John Chrysostom
Born and raised in Antioch, nicknamed"Golden Mouth"; a preacher, had a fiery rhetoric against moral laxity in high places, exiled by Empress Eudoxia, reinstated, exiled, Greek Father
St. Benedict
Patriarch of Western Monasticism and founded 12 monasteries at Monte Cassino; Developed His Rule: divided the schedule of monks into 4 parts
Arianism
Denied the divinity of Jesus, claiming that he was like the Father except that he was created
Hypostatic Union
the doctrine, formally taught at the Council of Chalcedon, that in Jesus Christ, one divine person subsists in two natures, the divine and the human
Monasticism
Religious life in which men or women leave the world and enter a monastery or convent while devoting themselves to prayer, contemplation, and self-denial in solitude
Pelagianism
A fifth century heresy that held that humans could save themselves without God's supernatural help
Latin Vulgate
First uniform translate, challenge of language/translation, Vulgus was the common language, divinely inspired (canon)
Caesaropapism
The political theory that held that a secular ruler should also have authority over the Church, including in matters of doctrine
Justinian Code
Was adopted by the Church and applied to the government; a collection of laws written in Latin that became the basis of European law
Theotokos
In Greek, the supreme title for Mary, "god bearer" or "Mother of God"
Dictates of the Pope
spelled out the rights of the Pope in relationship to secular rules in 27 propositions, Pope can make new laws, depose emperors, convoke council, power to release vassals from loyalty to sinful rulers, banned lay or imperial election of bishops or the Pope
Eastern Schism
Occurred in 1054, due to political factors, cultural and theological issues, then canon 28, iconoclasm, photian schism, michael cerularius
Investiture Controversy
Pope St. Gregory VII wanted to get rid of simony and lay investiture and excommunicated Emperor Henry IV because of lay investiture and "dictates of the Pope" Concordat of Worms was a compromise that solved lay investiture
Michael Cerularius
Patriarch of Constantinople who had a fierce anti-Latin attitude which ultimately sped up the division of the schism
Philip IV of France
Opposed Pope Boniface VIII, refused to recognize one of Boniface's candidates for bishops after the 1st papal bull which forbade taxation of the clergy, after another papal bull, he arrested the Pope and it showed that strong kings wouldn't take directions from a foreign Pope, marked the decline of christendom
Photious
Pope supported Ignatius over him, in turn condemned Western theology and practice, mostly condemned the term filioque, Eastern Church wanted to say the Holy Spirit descended through the Son, not from the Son, wasn't approved by the Eastern church
St. Bernard of Clairvaux
He was the last Father of the Church and was a crusading reformer, brilliant organizer, eloquent speaker, and spiritual master of his day
St. Francis of Assi
Best defines the era of the Middle Ages; Represents the gospel lived in all of its radical beauty and stark simplicity; Influenced by Jesus's words to the rich young man who was asked to give up everything, distributed all his earthly possessions to the poor, wandered the countryside to preach the gospel, and begged from the rich to give to the poor
Pope Urban II
1088-1099- exemplified the papacy's claim to temporal power when in, 1095, he called the First Crusade to help the beleaguered Eastern Empire and to rescue the Holy Land from the Muslims
Pope Innocent III
A brilliant canon lawyer who believed that Christ granted both spiritual and secular leadership to the Pope; Saw Europe as one large monastery with himself as abbot which meant that people were to live as brothers and sisters and obey their father the Pope; Used both spiritual and political weapons to assert Church power
Pope St. Gregory VII
nicknamed "Hellbrand" because of fiery temperament, intellectual brilliance, unflagging devotion to Church's independence
Christendom
Term used to describe a time of great achievement in the Middle Ages with the Church and Western society as one; refers to a larger territory where most people are Christian
Feudalism
The governing system which prevailed in Europe in the Middle Ages in which a superior or lord granted land to a vassal in return for military services of that vassal
Interdict
A Church ruling that excludes a person or region from partaking in the sacraments
Mendicant
Comes from the Latin word which means "beg"; Distinguished from monks because members of these orders traditionally take a vow of poverty and take on willingness to beg or work for food
Transubstantiation
The teaching of the Church that the substance of the bread and wine is changed into the substance of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and the consecration of Mass
Filioque
Latin term meaning "and from the Son"; addition of this term to the Creed was one of the central causes of the 1054 schism between the Eastern and Western Churches
Lay Investure
A practice in the medieval Church where secular rulers chose the bishops for their territories, which takes away the right of the Pope to choose bishops
Nepotism
The attempt by priests to pass on Church lands and benefits to their children or relatives
Simony
The buying and selling of Church offices (condemned by the Church)
Babylonian Captivity of the Church
Happened when Philip IV of France arrested Boniface, appointed a new Pope, moved the office to Avignon; It was there for 78 years and the next 7 popes were French; Philip was too powerful for the Pope, which influenced the elections for Popes and Cardinals; The return of simony and heavy taxation and the Church did not have any power
Black Death
1315-1317, large scale famine that started with not enough food, peasants began to eat seed grain, killed ⅓ or ½ of the population; gotten rats
Protestant Reformation
Caused by the Renaissance, abuses in the Church, nationalism, and the response of the Black Death, nations didn't wanted to be associated with the Church
Martin Luther
Joined the Augustinian monastery in Erfurt, Germany, where he lived a strict monastic life, became a priest, and earned a doctorate in theology;
Concluded that only faith in God's mercy justifies sinners;Deemed by the emperor as a danger to the Catholic faith and was excommunicated
St. Catherine of Siena
Her single-hearted devotion to peace exerted a profound influence on Church politics; she continously badgered the Pope's legates and Pope Gregory XI himself to return to Rome
Theocracy
A civil government controlled by the Church
Indulgence
The remission before God of the temporal punishment still due to forgiven sins
Renaissance
A cultural rebirth that begun in the Middle Ages which rediscovered the ancient civilizations of Rome, Greece, and Egypt, stressed the natural and the human, emphasized the pleasures of life, glorified the human body, and celebrated education
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of goods between Europe and the New World
Pope Alexander VI
One of the most controversial Renaissance popes
St. Francis Xavier
Greatest missionary to the East, known as the "Apostle of the Indies", he had a remarkable career founding missionaries in India and then moving on to Ceylon
Our Lady of Guadalupe
appeared to Juan Diego (idk what to put for this)
Vatican II Council
1962-1965, updated the Church teaching that the Church doesn't need to fear the world and that she can learn from it, showed many ways the Church of the Apostles can reach out to contemporary people without sacrificing the authentic Gospel
List and describe the Church's four-part mission
Kerygma: "proclamation" → spread message
Koinonia: "fellowship" → live in community
Diakonia: "service" → serve others
Leitourgia: "liturgy" → worship the Lord
Why was it unusual to have women connected with or a part of Jesus' ministry?
Women had little to no role in society at the time → worked around house, cooked, gave birth
Some view this as inaccurate because of their role at the time
Name and describe at least 3 key points of Jesus' teaching.
Although the kingdom appears small, its growth is inevitable, by God's own design. Jesus' initial gathering of followers and his foundation of the Church is the seed and beginning of the kingdom
Being a Christian requires service and commitment, picking up a cross in imitation of him. Following Jesus brings fulfillment in this life and incredible happiness in the next
The good news of God's love demands a whole-hearted response. To persist in a life of sin is no longer accepted. We must repent, ask for God's forgiveness, and develop an intimate relationship with Abba, the endearing name Jesus used to call on God the Father
What are some benefits and some of the drawbacks of monasticism? (at least 2 each)
BENEFITS→
Monks taught respect for the liturgy and the value of Prayer in daily life. Monasteries were spiritual beacons. They provided a counterculture response to Christianity that had grown tepid
As missionary centers, monasteries Christianized Europe. They kept Christianity alive and spread it
DRAWBACKS→
Monastic asceticism sometimes went overboard. For example, some monks engaged in self-mutilation to tame their weak human nature. St. Jerome praised celibacy so much that he ended up teaching that marriage is not a means of holiness, but a necessary evil
Raught a double standard of spirituality. The educated people in the Church were often monks who held the "religious life" as the try model of holiness. A healthy lay spirituality was neglected for centuries
Explain how the fall of Rome helped give rise to papal power and Christendom.
Fall of Rome brought a "leadership vacuum" which the Church, the only organized institution left, was able to fill for the benefit of the People. The Pope became the leading figure in the Western world
Fall of Rome→ Church's leadership→ allying with powerful rulers→ powerful leaders conversions to Christianity→ people follow lead→ christendom
What was the Renaissance? Was it a thing? Why or why not?
John Greene argues that the Renaissance did not happen because people were unaware of the Renaissance and it was on experienced by the "richest of the rich"
I disagree with him because I do think that the Renaissance was a thing
It happened because it was a cultural rebirth that had a profound effect on religious life and still impacts the Church today
Just because some people may have not experienced it, does not necessarily mean it was a thing
Explain three effects of the Black Death on Medieval Europe.
Cities were devastated because so many lives were lost→ ⅓-½ of the European population perished
Clergy suffered huge losses→ whole monasteries were wipes out; mendicants like the Franciscans, many died
In addition to the horror of the Black Death, diminished population affected poor members→ periodic bursts of peasant rage led to violence
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