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Nutrition ATI - Ch. 1

Terms in this set (49)

monosaccharides
basic energy for cells; sources: glucose (corn syrup, fructose (fruits), galactose (milk)
disaccharides
energy, aids in calcium/phosphorus absorption (lactose); sources: sucrose (table sugar),lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar
polysaccharides
energy storage (starches), digestive aid (fiber); sources: starches (grains, legumes, root veggies), fiber (whole grains, fruits, veggies)
carbohydrates
organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen; provides energy for the body
What do carbs do?
provides energy for cellular work & help regulate protein & fat metabolism; essential for normal cardia & CNS functioning
fiber
the substance in plant foods that is indigestible; types: pectin, gum, cellulose & oligosaccharides; important for bowel elimination--adds bulk to feces & stimulates peristalsis; lowers cholesterol & decreases risk for intestinal cancers; TOTAL FIBER: 25 g/day for women; 38 g/day for men
protein
come from plant and animal sources; formed by linking amino acids in various combinations for specific use by the body
complete proteins
from animal source & soy; contain all nine essential amino acids
incomplete proteins
from plant sources; contain all nine amino acids, but one or more of the amino acids is not adequate for protein synthesis
complementary proteins
food sources that are incomplete when eaten alone, but together make a complete protein
types of fats
triglycerides, phospholipids & sterols
saturated fatty acids
solid at room temp & are from animal sources
unsaturated fatty acids
include monounsaturated & polyunsaturated fatty acids; from plant sources & decrease health risks
monounsaturated fatty acids - sources
olives, canola oil, avocado, peanuts & other nuts
polyunsaturated fatty acids - sources
corn, wheat germ, soybeans, safflower, sunflower, and fish
phospholipids (lecithin)
important to cell membrane structure & transport of fat-soluble substances across the cell membrane
sterols (cholesterol)
found in tissues of animals & are not an essential nutrient because the liver can produce enough to meet needs; excess cholesterol builds up in tissues causing congestion & increasing risk for cardiovascular disease
very-low-density-lipoproteins (VLDL)
carry triglycerides to the cells
low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
carry cholesterol to the tissue cells
high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
removes excess cholesterol from the cells & transports it to the liver for disposal
vitamins
a catalyst for metabolic functions & chemical reactions
water-soluble vitamins
C & B-complex
fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E & K
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
aids in tissue building & metabolic reactions (healing, collagen formation, iron absorption, immune system function; SOURCES: citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers, green leafy veggies, and strawberries; DEFICIENCY: Scurvy, decreased iron absorption, bleeding gums
B-complex vitamins
have many functions in cell metabolism; most affect energy, metabolism, and neurological function
Thiamin (B1)
is a coenzyme in energy metabolism; promotes appetite & assists with muscle actions thru nerve functioning; SOURCES: all plant & animal tissue (meats, grains & legumes); DEFICIENCY: Beriberi, headache, weight loss, fatigue
Riboflavin (B2)
a coenzyme to release energy from cells: SOURCES: milk, meats & dark leafy veggies; DEFICIENCY: Skin eruptions, cracked lips, red swollen tongue
Niacin (B3)
aids in metabolism of fats, glucose & alcohol; SOURCES: meats, legumes, milk, whole grains & enriched breads/cereals; DEFICIENCY: Pellagra, skin lesions, GI & CNS findings, dementia
pyridoxine (B6)
needed for cellular function & synthesis of hemoglobin, neurotransmitters & niacin; SOURCES: meats, grains & legumes; DEFICIENCY: Macrocytic anemia, CNS disturbances, poor growth
pantothenic acid
metabolizes carbs, fats & proteins as part of coenzyme A; SOURCES: meats,whole grain cereals, dried peas & beans; DEFICIENCY: Rare, generalized body system failure
biotin
a coenzyme used in fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism & formation of glucose; sources: eggs, milk, & dark green veggies
folate
synthesis of amino acids and hemoglobin, formation of fetal neural tube; SOURCES: liver, green leafy veggies, legumes; DEFICIENCY: Megaloblastic anemia, CNS disturbance
Cobalamin (B12)
folate activation, red blood cell maturation; SOURCES: meats, clams, oysters, eggs, dairy products; DEFICIENCY: Pernicious anemia, GI findings, poor muscle coordination, paresthesia of the hands & feet
Vitamin A
normal vision, tissue strength, growth & immune system function; SOURCES: orange/yellow fruits & veggies, fatty fish, dairy; DEFICIENCY: Reduced night vision, dry/thick corneas, mucosa changes
Vitamin D
maintain serum calcium/phosphorus, aid in bone development; SOURCES: fish, fortified dairy products, egg yolks, sunlight; DEFICIENCY: low serum calcium, fragile bones, rickets, osteomalacia in adults
Vitamin E
protects vitamin A from oxidation; SOURCES: vegetable oils, grains, nuts, dark green leafy veggies; DEFICIENCY: anemia, edema & skin lesions in infants
Vitamin K
essential for prothrombin synthesis, aids in bone metabolism; SOURCES: green leafy veggies, eggs; DEFICIENCY: increased bleeding times
Sodium (Na)
maintains fluid volume, allows muscle contractions, contributes to nerve impulses; SOURCES: table salt, added salts & processed foods; DEFICIENCY: muscle cramping, memory loss, anorexia; EXCESS: fluid retention, HTN, disorientation; NC: monitor LOC, edema & BP
Potassium (K)
maintains fluid volume inside cells, muscle action; SOURCES: oranges, dried fruits, tomatoes, avocados, dried peas, meats, broccoli, bananas, dairy products, whole grains; DEFICIENCY: Dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, confusion; EXCESS: dysrhythmia, muscle weakness, irritability, confusion, numbness in extremities; NC: monitor cardiac status & ECG. PO tabs irritate GI system; give with meals
Chloride (Cl)
assists with intracellular & extracellular fluid balance, aids digestion; SOURCES: table salt; DEFICIENCY: rare, muscle cramps, anorexia; EXCESS: vomiting; NC: monitor sodium levels
Calcium (Ca)
bones/teeth formation, BP, blood clotting & nerve transmission; SOURCES: dairy, broccoli, kale, grains, egg yolks; DEFICIENCY: tetany, positive Chvostek's/Trousseau's sign, ECG changes, osteoporosis in adults, poor growth in children; EXCESS: constipation, renal stones, lethargy, depressed deep-tendon reflexes; NC: monitor ECG & respiratory status; give PO tabs with vitamin D
Magnesium (Mg)
bone formation, catalyst for enzyme reactions, nerve/muscle function, smooth muscle relaxation; SOURCES: green leafy veggies, nuts, whole grains, tuna, halibut, chocolate; DEFICIENCY: weakness, dysrhythmias, vertigo, convulsions, increased BP, anorexia; EXCESS: diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, lethargy; NC: seizure precautions, monitor LOC & VS
Phosphorus (P)
energy transfer of RNA/DNA, acid-base balance, bone/teeth formation; SOURCES: dairy, meat, peas, eggs, legumes; DEFICIENCY: unknown; EXCESS: decreased serum calcium levels; NC: evaluate us of antacids (note type) & alcohol use (alcohol impairs absorption)
Sulfur (S)
component of vitamin structure, by-product of protein metabolism; SOURCES: proteins; DEFICIENCY: only seen in severe malnutrition; EXCESS: toxicity does not cause any health issues
which food aids in absorption of iron?
1/2 c. orange juice
which food is high in vitamin D?
2 large, poached eggs
vitamin to avoid when taking warfarin?
vitamin K
best source of magnesium?
whole almonds
condition associates with vitamin c deficiency?
scurvy
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