IB Chemistry: Organic chemistry - SL

Terms in this set (46)

homologous series
group of organic species, all containing the same functional group and varying only by carbon-chain length
( number of CH2)
functional groups
reactive parts of the molecules
contains elements like oxygen and nitrogen
What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated bonds?
Saturated: single bonds only; if carbons are not bonded to other carbons then they are completely filled with hydrogens
Unsaturated: contains double or triple bonds (branched)
Show the formula, condensed structural formula, and structural formula for methane.
Formula:: CH4
Condensed: CH4
Structural:
Show the formula, condensed structural formula, and structural formula for butane.
Formula: C3H6
Condensed: CH3CH2CH2Ch3
Structural
What is catenation?
process of identical atoms are joined together by covalent bonds
General formula for alcohols
R-OH
General formula for aldehydes
C(n)H(2n)O
General formula for ketones
C(n)H(2n)O
what is the difference between aldehydes and ketones
aldehydes: hydrogen is attached to the carbon and the double bond of oxygen
Ketones: no hydrogen
What happens to the the physical properties of homologous series as the carbon chain increases?
boiling point increases
What is fractional disillation
physical separation process that uses differences in boiling points to separate the mixture
What is benzene?
aromatic, unsaturated hydrocarbon
what are hydrocarbonds
Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen
characteristics of successive members of a homologous series
differ by a CH2 group; same general formula; gradual change in physical properties; similar chemical properties
empirical formula
the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms the molecule contains
molecular formula
the actual number of atoms of each element present in the molecule
skeletal formula
most basic form: each corner means a carbon and each carbon has hydrogen atoms connected that are not shown
Propane:
structural formula
a representation of the molecule showing how the atoms are bonded to each other
-ane
alkane
alkane general formula
C(n)H(2n+2)
-ene
alkene
-yne
alkyne
-anol
alcohol
-anamine
amine
-anal
aldehyde
-anone
ketone
-anoic acid
carboxylic acid
-anoate
ester
primary carbon atom
carbon atom in an organic molecule that is attached to the functional group and at least two hydrogen atoms
secondary carbon atom
carbon atom in an organic molecule that is attached to the functional group, one hydrogen atom and two alkyl groups
tertiary carbon atom
carbon atom in an organic molecule that is attached to the functional group and three alkyl groups
alkane + halogen
halogenoalkane + hydrogen halide
alkene + hydrogen
alkane
alkene + hydrogen context
nickel catalyst; 150 deg
alkene + halogen
dihalogenoalkane
alkene + halogen context
room temperature
alkene + hydrogen halide
halogenalkane
alkene + hydrogen halide context
room temperature
alkene + water
alcohol
alkene + water context
concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst; heat with steam
test to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes
bromine water
what is needed for oxidation of alcohol?
acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4) as oxidizing agent; heat
oxidation of primary alcohol
aldehyde -> carboxylic acid
oxidation of secondary alcohol
ketone
test to distinguish between primary or secondary alcohol, and tertiary alcohol
potassium dichromate colour change from yellow to greenish
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