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Openstax Psych Chapters 15 - 16

Terms in this set (139)

In the harmful dysfunction definition of psychological disorders, dysfunction involves ________.
the inability of an psychological mechanism to perform its function
Patterns of inner experience and behavior are thought to reflect the presence of a psychological disorder if they ________.
lead to significant distress and impairment in one's life
atypical
describes behaviors or feelings that deviate from the norm
etiology
cause or causes of a psychological disorder
harmful dysfunction
model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function
psychological disorder
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
psychopathology
study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment; manifestation of a psychological disorder
The letters in the abbreviation DSM-5 stand for ________.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
A study based on over 9,000 U. S. residents found that the most prevalent disorder was ________.
major depressive disorder
comorbidity
co-occurrence of two disorders in the same individual
diagnosis
determination of which disorder a set of symptoms represents
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO)
The diathesis-stress model presumes that psychopathology results from ________.
vulnerability and adverse experiences
Dr. Anastasia believes that major depressive disorder is caused by an over-secretion of cortisol. His view on the cause of major depressive disorder reflects a ________ perspective.
biological
diathesis-stress model
suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder (a diathesis) are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress; model of psychopathology
supernatural
describes a force beyond scientific understanding
In which of the following anxiety disorders is the person in a continuous state of excessive, pointless worry and apprehension?
generalized anxiety disorder
Which of the following would constitute a safety behavior?
avoiding eye contact
agoraphobia
anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack
anxiety disorder
characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
generalized anxiety disorder
characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
locus coeruleus
area of the brainstem that contains norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body's fight-or-flight response; has been implicated in panic disorder
panic attack
period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly; symptoms of panic attacks are both physiological and psychological
panic disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks
safety behavior
mental and behavior acts designed to reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes; common in social anxiety disorder
social anxiety disorder
characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
specific phobia
anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
Which of the following best illustrates a compulsion?
mentally counting backward from 1,000
Research indicates that the symptoms of OCD ________.
are related to hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex
body dysmorphic disorder
involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance
hoarding disorder
characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness
obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
group of overlapping disorders listed in the DSM-5 that involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors
obsessive-compulsive disorder
characterized by the tendency to experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges (obsession) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) in response to the unwanted thoughts and urges
orbitofrontal cortex
area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making
Symptoms of PTSD include all of the following except ________.
physical complaints that cannot be explained medically
Which of the following elevates the risk for developing PTSD?
severity of the trauma
flashback
psychological state lasting from a few seconds to several days, during which one relives a traumatic event and behaves as though the event were occurring at that moment
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
experiencing a profoundly traumatic event leads to a constellation of symptoms that include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, negative emotional states, feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, hypervigilance, and a tendency to startle easily; these symptoms must occur for at least one month
Common symptoms of major depressive disorder include all of the following except ________.
periods of extreme elation and euphoria
Suicide rates are ________ among men than among women, and they are ________ during the winter holiday season than during the spring months.
higher; lower
bipolar and related disorders
group of mood disorders in which mania is the defining feature
bipolar disorder
mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
depressive disorder
one of a group of mood disorders in which depression is the defining feature
flight of ideas
symptom of mania that involves an abruptly switching in conversation from one topic to another
hopelessness theory
cognitive theory of depression proposing that a style of thinking that perceives negative life events as having stable and global causes leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression
major depressive disorder
commonly referred to as "depression" or "major depression," characterized by sadness or loss of pleasure in usual activities, as well other symptoms
mania
state of extreme elation and agitation
manic episode
period in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels, and other symptoms
mood disorder
one of a group of disorders characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions; the categories of mood disorders listed in the DSM-5 are bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders
peripartum onset
subtype of depression that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth
persistent depressive disorder
depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood
rumination
in depression, tendency to repetitively and passively dwell on one's depressed symptoms, their meanings, and their consequences
seasonal pattern
subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year
suicidal ideation
thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt
suicide
death caused by intentional, self-directed injurious behavior
Clifford falsely believes that the police have planted secret cameras in his home to monitor his every movement. Clifford's belief is an example of ________.
a delusion
A study of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia found that the adoptees were most likely to develop schizophrenia ________.
if they were raised in a disturbed adoptive home environment
catatonic behavior
decreased reactivity to the environment; includes posturing and catatonic stupor
delusion
belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence
disorganized/abnormal motor behavior
highly unusual behaviors and movements (such as child-like behaviors), repeated and purposeless movements, and displaying odd facial expressions and gestures
disorganized thinking
disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says
dopamine hypothesis
theory of schizophrenia that proposes that an overabundance of dopamine or dopamine receptors is responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
grandiose delusion
characterized by beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important
hallucination
perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation, such as the auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) common to schizophrenia
negative symptom
characterized by decreases and absences in certain normal behaviors, emotions, or drives, such as an expressionless face, lack of motivation to engage in activities, reduced speech, lack of social engagement, and inability to experience pleasure
paranoid delusion
characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them
prodromal symptom
in schizophrenia, one of the early minor symptoms of psychosis
schizophrenia
severe disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and negative symptoms
somatic delusion
belief that something highly unusual is happening to one's body or internal organs
ventricle
one of the fluid-filled cavities within the brain
Dissociative amnesia involves ________.
memory loss following stress
Dissociative identity disorder mainly involves ________.
derealization
depersonalization/derealization disorder
dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization)
dissociative amnesia
dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience
dissociative disorders
group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from his or her core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory
dissociative fugue
symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one's home and experiences confusion about his or her identity
dissociative identity disorder
dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged
People with borderline personality disorder often ________.
are impulsive and unpredictable
Antisocial personality disorder is associated with ________.
emotional deficits
antisocial personality disorder
characterized by a lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
borderline personality disorder
instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity; key features include intolerance of being alone and fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, unpredictable behavior and moods, and intense and inappropriate anger
personality disorder
group of DSM-5 disorders characterized by an inflexible and pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture and causes distress and impairment; people with these disorders have a personality style that frequently brings them into conflict with others and disrupts their ability to develop and maintain social relationships
Which of the following is not a primary characteristic of ADHD?
restricted and fixated interest
One of the primary characteristics of autism spectrum disorder is ________.
difficulty relating to others
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior
autism spectrum disorder
childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests
neurodevelopmental disorder
one of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, intellectual, social functioning
Who of the following does not support the humane and improved treatment of mentally ill persons?
medieval priests
The process of closing large asylums and providing for people to stay in the community to be treated locally is known as ________.
deinstitutionalization
Joey was convicted of domestic violence. As part of his sentence, the judge has ordered that he attend therapy for anger management. This is considered ________ treatment.
involuntary
Today, most people with psychological problems are not hospitalized. Typically they are only hospitalized if they ________.
are an imminent threat to themselves or others
asylum
institution created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders
deinstitutionalization
process of closing large asylums and integrating people back into the community where they can be treated locally
involuntary treatment
therapy that is mandated by the courts or other systems
voluntary treatment
therapy that a person chooses to attend in order to obtain relief from her symptoms
The idea behind ________ is that how you think determines how you feel and act.
cognitive therapy
Mood stabilizers, such as lithium, are used to treat ________.
bipolar disorder
Clay is in a therapy session. The therapist asks him to relax and say whatever comes to his mind at the moment. This therapist is using ________, which is a technique of ________.
free association; psychoanalysis
aversive conditioning
counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior
behavior therapy
therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors
biomedical therapy
treatment that involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
cognitive-behavioral therapy
form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
cognitive therapy
form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress, with the aim of helping them change these irrational thoughts
counterconditioning
classical conditioning therapeutic technique in which a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior
dream analysis
technique in psychoanalysis in which patients recall their dreams and the psychoanalyst interprets them to reveal unconscious desires or struggles
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
type of biomedical therapy that involves using an electrical current to induce seizures in a person to help alleviate the effects of severe depression
exposure therapy
counterconditioning technique in which a therapist seeks to treat a client's fear or anxiety by presenting the feared object or situation with the idea that the person will eventually get used to it
free association
technique in psychoanalysis in which the patient says whatever comes to mind at the moment
humanistic therapy
therapeutic orientation aimed at helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves
nondirective therapy
therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings
play therapy
therapeutic process, often used with children, that employs toys to help them resolve psychological problems
psychoanalysis
therapeutic orientation developed by Sigmund Freud that employs free association, dream analysis, and transference to uncover repressed feelings
psychotherapy
(also, psychodynamic psychotherapy) psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth
rational emotive therapy (RET)
form of cognitive-behavioral therapy
Rogerian (client-centered therapy)
non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance
systematic desensitization
form of exposure therapy used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by exposing a person to the feared object or situation through a stimulus hierarchy
token economy
controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens (e.g., poker chip) that be exchanged for items or privileges
transference
process in psychoanalysis in which the patient transfers all of the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst
unconditional positive regard
fundamental acceptance of a person regardless of what they say or do; term associated with humanistic psychology
virtual reality exposure therapy
uses a simulation rather than the actual feared object or situation to help people conquer their fears
A treatment modality in which 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician is known as ________.
group therapy
What happens during an intake?
The therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs such as the presenting problem, the client's support system, and insurance status. The therapist informs the client about confidentiality, fees, and what to expect in a therapy session.
confidentiality
therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party, unless mandated or permitted by law
couples therapy
two people in an intimate relationship, such as husband and wife, who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them with therapy
family therapy
special form of group therapy consisting of one or more families
group therapy
treatment modality in which 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician
individual therapy
treatment modality in which the client and clinician meet one-on-one
intake
therapist's first meeting with the client in which the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs
strategic family therapy
therapist guides the therapy sessions and develops treatment plans for each family member for specific problems that can addressed in a short amount of time
structural family therapy
therapist examines and discusses with the family the boundaries and structure of the family: who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed with whom, how decisions are made, and what are the boundaries within the family
What is the minimum amount of time addicts should receive treatment if they are to achieve a desired outcome?
3 months
When an individual has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance-related diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, this is known as ________.
comorbid disorder
John was drug-free for almost six months. Then he started hanging out with his addict friends, and he has now started abusing drugs again. This is an example of ________.
relapse
comorbid disorder
individual who has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance abuse diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, such as depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia
relapse
repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse
The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your ________.
culture and background
Which of the following was not listed as a barrier to mental health treatment?
being a member of the ethnic majority
cultural competence
therapist's understanding and attention to issues of race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment
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