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church history final

Terms in this set (59)

a system that evolved in Western Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries in which society was ordered around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service and protection
feudalism
buying or selling something spiritual, such as a grace, a Sacrament, or a relic
simony
was the appointment of bishops and other church officials by non-church authorities, the appointment of church officials by kings and nobles rather than by the pope
lay investiture
conflict over the use of religious images or icons in the byzantine empire, iconoclasts objected to icon veneration, defenders insisted on the symbolic nature of images and on the dignity of created matter
iconoclast controversy
conflicts began gradually, 1054, eastern church thought the pope took his authority too far, Patriarch of Constantinople closed Latin churches, excommunicated Latin priests and the Pope, now divided into the Latin Church and the Orthodox/Greek Church
East/ West Schism
killed 1/3 of the population, occurred during the Western Schism, a bacterium, killed many of the Church's clergy
The Black Death/ Bubonic Plague
an independent country ruled by the Pope until 1870, covering a wide strip of land in the middle of the Italian Peninsula. They were awarded to the papacy in 756 in a formal deed called the donation of Pepin
Papal States
"rebirth" period of cultural awakening where Egyptian, Greek, and Roman ways of life were rediscovered
Renaissance
during protestant reformation, convened to clarify and define many points of the Church's doctrine that had not been precisely defined to this point
Council of Trent
propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written and posted by Martin Luther, beginning of Protestant Reformation
95 Thesis
the means by which the Church takes away the punishment that a person would receive in the purgatory
indulgences
began to reclaim the holy land from the Muslims, crusaders given indulgences, brought back some lands but not Jerusalem, brought goods, inventions and teachings
Crusades
granted the pope the papal states
Donation of Pepin
the principal church of a diocese, with which the bishop is officially associated
Cathedrals
the practice of religious ecstasies, together with whatever ideologies, ethics, rites, myths, legends, and magic may be related to them
Mysticism
members of religious orders that rely on charity for support; Dominicans, Franciscans involved themselves in the world by preaching, teaching, and serving the poor
Mendicants
meeting of the Holy Roman Empire, famous for Martin Luther's appearance before it respond to charges of heresy
Diet of Worms
the name for the Spanish soldiers and explorers who brought much of the Americas under Spanish rule in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
conquistadors
abstinence from sexual relations, remaining unmarried especially for religious reasons
celibacy
free and undeserved gift of God's loving and active presence in our lives, empowers us to respond to his call and to live as his children, restores our loving communion with the Holy Trinity
Grace
a from of government in which God is understood to be head of the state, ruling by divine guidance granted to its clergy or other ruling officials; government based on religious principles
Theocracy
abandoned universal Latin liturgy, acknowledged ecumenism, reformed the church, called for by Pope John XXIII and carried out by Pope Paul VI
Vatican II
a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country
Missionaries
a movement promoting unity among Christian Churches or other denominations through greater cooperation and improved understanding
Ecumenism
an economic system in which there is no private ownership of goods and the creation and distribution of goods and services is determined by the whole community or by the government
Socialism
a Roman Catholic movement that attempted to examine traditional belief according to contemporary philosophy, critics, and historiography
Modernism
an intellectual movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries marked by a celebration of the powers of human reason, a keen interest in science, the promotion of religious toleration, and a desire to construct governments free of tyranny
Enlightenment
Addressed common heresies of the 13th century;
Practice of capturing and punishing heretics;
Active in German, Italy, France;
Inquisitors were primarily Dominicans and Franciscans
Inquisition
medieval inquisition, established by the church to root out heresies, inquisitors were mainly Dominicans and Franciscans, sentences were penances, ordered by Pope Gregory IX to combat doctrines and practices in conflict with the Church
Papal Inquisition
under the authority of the king of Spain to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in Spain, die or convert, targeted recent converts to the faith, many executions
Spanish Inquisition
effect of rationalism (proving to people that they believe in Fatih); response/ refutation of the modernists; a re-commitment to the importance of faith
Devotional Catholicism
"bringing up to date," used by the second Vatican council, used to mean throwing open the doors of the church in a desire to dialogue with the outside world, Pope Saint John XXIII
aggiornamento
"scripture alone," Christian theological doctrine which holds that the Christian scriptures are the sole infallible rule of faith and practice, Martin Luther
sola scripture
the belief that each person's fate after death is predetermined by God and that no one can do anything to change it
predestination
wanted his marriage to Katherine Aragon annulled because she didn't give him a son the succeed him, declared himself head of the Church of England when the pope would not grant it, established Anglican Church
Henry VIII
Spanish Basque priest and theological, founded society of Jesus (Jesuits, served the pope of missionaries, bound by vow of special obedience to the pope, important political force in counter reformation), first superior general
Ignatius of Loyola
worked to bring the papacy of Gregory XI back to Rome from the Avignon Papacy, believed to have had miraculous visions and felt united in marriage with Jesus
Catherine of Siena
Son of Pepin, defeated the Lombards, Pope granted him the title "Protector of the Papacy" carried out military campaigns and forced the conversion of those conquered, crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800
Charlemagne
early theologian and philosopher whose writings influenced the development of western Christianity and philosophy, one of the most important church fathers, wrote the City of God and Confessions
Augustine of Hippo
rejected several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, dislike indulgences, 95 theses excommunicated and outlaws, eternal life and salvation are a free gift of God's grace, sparked the protestant reformation
Martin Luther
proposes vatican II
Pope John XXIII
Investiture Controversy, first pope to despise a crowned ruler
Pope Gregory VII
Franciscan orders of the Friars Minor, leader of the movement of evangelical poverty
Francis of Assisi
1206-1280, German, Dominican friar, greatest Medieval theologican, wrote the Summa Theological, his teachings and writing have greatly influenced church teaching and helped the Church to defend her teaching, honored as a doctor of the church
Thomas Aquinas
order of preachers, dedicated to combating heresies through preaching, wanted a well-educated clergy, emphasized the importance of theological study in the service of teaching
Dominic
the Franciscan Clarist order, Poor Clares, dedicated to extreme poverty, cannot be wealthy or own property and live off alms from townspeople
Clare
period of ideological, political, and social upheaval, French underwent radical change due to enlightenment principals, violent turmoil, Reign of Terror
French Revolution
practical form of divine law, conceived by God and fashioned for human beings, encompasses and sets forth in detail how Muslims are to live
Shari'a Law
body of traditional social and legal customs/ practices in the Islamic community
Sunna
Muslim community, bases its laws and lifestyle on Islamic teachings
Umma
leader of the Friday worship service who directs the prayers and delivers a sermon
Imam
the confession of faith, one of the five pillars of Islam
Shadada
Almsgiving, one of the five pillars of Islam, wealth, sharing, giving of possessions to public treasuring, poor are exempt and receive part of the fund
Zakhat
pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars of Islam, if financially and physically able must be made in their life
Hajj
"the struggle to remain faithful to God," struggle against anything that detracts from venerating Allah, general spiritual struggle to be a devout muslim, supports armed struggle for the sake of Islam if carried out in self defense
Jihad
primary sacred text in Islam, Islam's earthly center, foundation of islamic teachings, divided into 114 sutras or chapters, considered the direct word of Allah, written by Muhammad's earliest followers, written in Arabic
Qur'an
the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar, a period during which Muslims fast
Ramadan
member of the religion of Islam
Muslim
belief in the existence of one God
Monotheistic
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