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1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells

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Explain how an improvement in apparatus allowed for greater understanding of cell structure.



Nature of Science: Developments in scientific research follows improvements in apparatus- the invention of the electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure.
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Explain how an improvement in apparatus allowed for greater understanding of cell structure.



Nature of Science: Developments in scientific research follows improvements in apparatus- the invention of the electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure.
Technology = machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge.

Begets = gives rise to; brings about.

Discovery = the act of finding or learning something for the first time.
Image: *Explain how an improvement in apparatus allowed for greater understanding of cell structure.* Nature of Science: Developments in scientific research follows improvements in apparatus- the invention of the electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure.
Define "resolution."



Understanding: Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes.
The smallest interval distinguishable by the microscope, which then corresponds to the degree of detail visible in an image created by the instrument.
Image: *Define "resolution."* Understanding: Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes.
Compare the functionality of light and electron microscopes.



Understanding: Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes.
LIGHT MICROSCOPES
Use lenses to bend light and magnify images.
Used to study dead or living cells in color.
Cell movement can be studied.
Larger field of view.
Objects can be magnified up to 2000X.
Can resolve objects 200 nm apart.


ELECTRON MICROSCOPES
Uses electron beams focused by electromagnets to magnify and resolve.
Requires cells to be killed and chemically treated before viewing.
No movement can be seen.
Without stain or dye, no color can be seen.
Smaller field of view.
Can magnify objects up to 250,000 times.
Can resolve objects that are 0.2 nm apart.
Outline the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.



Understanding: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization.
Prokaryotic Cells
Smaller (about 0.2 - 2 um)
DNA in nucleoid region (no nuclear membrane)
No membrane bound organelles
Cell wall of peptidoglycan
Smaller ribosomes (70s) in cytoplasm
DNA is circular and without histone proteins
Has plasmid DNA
Asexual cell division

Eukaryotic Cells
Bigger (10-100 um)
DNA in a true nucleus
Membrane bound organelles present
Cell wall of cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungus)
Larger ribosomes (80s) in cytoplasm and on ER
//also has 70s ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts//
DNA is linear with histone proteins
Do not have plasmid DNA
Asexual or sexual cell division
State the function of the prokaryotic cell cell membrane.



Understanding: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization.
Forms the boundary of the cell, acts as a selective barrier
allowing certain materials to pass into and out of the cell, but not others.
Image: *State the function of the prokaryotic cell cell membrane.* Understanding: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization.