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A&P II, ch 19 blood

Terms in this set (38)

cardiovascular system
includes the heart, blood vessels and blood
blood
is a fluid connective tissue with cells and fibers suspended in a fluid matrix
hematology
is the study of blood
functions of circulatory system
Transport of Nutrients and Wastes

O2, CO2, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones, and cells

Regulation of pH and Ion Concentrations

Fluid regulation and buffering (pH and ion regulation)

Restriction of Blood Loss

Initiates clotting at injury sites

Defense Against Pathogens (Germs)

WBCs (cells of immunity), inflammation, antibodies, and platelets

Stabilization of Body Temperature

Blood absorbs heat from active muscles and redistributes it to other parts of the body
general properties of blood
Properties of Blood Average Value

% of body weight 7-8%

Volume 4-5L Female; 5-6L Male

Temperature 38oC (100.4oF)

pH 7.35-7.45

Viscosity Whole blood 5x; plasma 2x

Osmolality

280-300 mOsm/L

Salinity

0.9% NaCl

Hematocrit

37-48% Female; 45-52% Male

Hemoglobin

12-16g/dL Female; 13-18g/dL Male

RBC

4.2-5.4 million/mL Female

4.6-6.2 million/mL Male
whole blood
is composed of 2 principle components: plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%). 4-6L (females 4-5 and male 5-6)
plasma
mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, gases.
albumin
60%- smallest and most abundant protein

serves to transport solutes and buffer pH, also contributes to viscosity and osmolality (concentration) which influences blood pressure and fluid balance
globulins
35% - second most abundant

Transport proteins

e.g. lipoproteins transport cholesterol

e.g. transferrin transports iron

Antibodies (immunoglobulins) fight pathogens
fibrinogen
%

precursor of fibrin, threads that help form blood clots

serum is plasma with clotting factors removed
fibrin
threads that help form blood clots
serum
plasma with clotting factors removed
liver
Most plasma proteins (90%) are synthesized by the __________________, except immunoglobulins aka antibodies (produced by plasma cells)
erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells RBCs transport O2 and CO2) - 99.9% (formed element)
leukocytes
(White Blood Cells WBCs defend against pathogens) <0.1% (formed element)
thrombocytes
(platelets for clotting) <0.1%
venipuncture
collection of blood typically through the median cubital vein
arterial puncture (stick)
used to check oxygen levels, taken from brachial or radial artery
plasma expanders
increase blood volume to help fluid or blood loss
hemopoiesis
the formation of all types of blood cells

Adult produces 400 billion platelets, 200 billion RBCs and 10 billion WBCs every day
hemopoietic tissues
produce blood cells

begin production in the yolk sac which produces stem cells

colonize fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen and thymus

liver stops producing blood cells at birth

spleen stops soon after birth, but remains involved with WBC production
red marrow
contains hemocytoblasts or pluripotent stem cells (PPSCs), cells that are not completely differentiated and thus may become any of the formed elements
hemoglobin
a transport protein with iron that carries oxygen, gives blood its red color; our blood is similar to rust
hematocrit
(packed cell volume) - % of whole blood composed of RBCs

men 40- 54%; women 37- 47%
globins
the protein structure of hemoglobin, has 4 protein chains

2 alpha and 2 beta chains
HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)
a hemoglobin bound to oxygen
deoxyhemoglobin
is hemoglobin minus oxygen, burgundy colored (not blue)
carbaminohemoglobin CO2Hb
hemoglobin bound to CO2 (carbon dioxide)
carboxyhemoglobin COHb
hemoglobin bound to CO (carbon monoxide); binds 200 times better than oxygen and can lead to asphyxiation (suffocation); half-life of 5 hours (meaning half will break down every 5 hours)
anemia
deficiency of RBCs, meaning a low hematocrit or hemoglobin
pernicious anemia
inadequate vitamin B12 from poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor
iron deficiency anemia
lack of iron in diet, lack of EPO
hemorrhagic anemia
excessive bleeding
hemolytic anemias
RBC destruction
hemolysis
the rupture of RBCs, releases hemoglobin and plasma membranes
macrophage
(a type of cell) in spleen, liver and bone marrow digests cell membrane into bits separating heme from globin
biliverdin
heme pigment converted to __________ (green)
bilirubin
biliverdin converted to ______________________________ (orange-yellow pigment) released into blood plasma (kidneys - urochrome yellow urine)

liver secretes bilirubin into bile
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