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Cultural geography test 3 review

Terms in this set (91)

boundary
a vertical plane usually represented as a line on a map that fixes the territory of a state
centrifugal force
an event or a circumstance that weakens a states social political fabric
Centripetal Force
an event or circumstance that weakens a states social and political fabric
colonialism
a form of imperialism in which a state takes possession of a foreign territory occupies it and governs it
devolution
a kind of decentralization whereby a state transfers some power to a self defined community such as one of its national groups
electoral system
the set of procedures used to convert the votes cast in an election into the seats won by a party or candidate
enclave
territory completely surrounded by another state but not controlled by it
european union
a supranational organization that has enlarged considerably since its establishment in western europe and is characterized by a significant degree of both economic and political integration
exclave
territory that is separated from the state to which it belongs by the intervening territory of another state
geopolitics
the study of the relations among geography states and world war
gerrymandering
process of manipulating voting district boundaries to give an advantage to a particular political part or group
heart land
any area of vital interest to a state
imperialism
one states exercise of direct or indirect control over the affairs of another political society
internationalism
the development of close political and economic relations among state
multinational state
a state whose population consists of two or more nations
nation
a sizable group of people with shared political aspirations shoe collective identity is rooted in a common history heritage and attachment to a specific territory
nation-state
political entity in which the boundaries of a nation coincide with the boundaries of the state and the people share a sense of political unity. more broadly a state whose population possesses a shared political identity that sees the nation and the state as the same
political geography
study of spatial aspects of political affairs
reapportionment
process of allocating legislative seats among voting districts so that each legislator represents apporox the same number of people
redistricting
redrawing the boundaries of voting districts usually as a result of population change
security landscape
a type of political landscape created to protect the territory people facilities and infrastructure of a state
separatism
the desire of a nation or other group to break apart from its state
soverignty
supreme authority of a state over its own affairs and freedom from control by outside forces
state
an internationally recognized political unit with a permanently populated territory defined boundaries and a government with sovereignty over its domestic and international affairs
supranational organization
a political entity created when multiple states agree to work together for a common economic military cultural or political or multiple of these
territorial seas
waters that are enclosed by the boundaries of a coastal state and that are considered part of the territory of that state
territoriality
strong attachment to or defensive control of a place or an area
united nations
a supernational organization founded in 1945 for the purpose of promoting international peace and security
agglomeration
spatial clustering of people and economic activities especially industries that are related or interdependent in a place
bid rent curve
graph that shows the amount a bidder is willing to pay for land relative to the distance of that land from the central business district
blockbusting
using scare tactics and panic selling to promote the rapid transition of a neighborhood from one ethnic or racial group to another
central business district
part of the downtown where major office and retail businesses are clustered
central city
the area enclosed by the legal boundaries of a city
central place
a settlement that provides goods and services for its residents and its surrounding trade or market area
central place theory
walter christaller that posits that a market forces account for the distribution of central places in an area and that the optimal spatial arrangement of central places creates hexagonally shaped trade areas
centralization
forces that draw people and businesses into downtown or central city
concentric zone model
description of urban structure that was created by erneest burgess and emphasizes the development of circular rings
decentralization
urban geogforces that draw people and businesses out of the central city often into suburbs
edge cities
new downtowns consisting of clusters of business activity that develop in the suburbs surrounding a city
eminent domain
authority of a government to take private property when doing so serves the publics intersts
filtering
process whereby home ownership in a neighborhood gradually transitions form high to middle to lower income households over time
functional complexity
ability of a town or city to support sizable concentrations of people who earn their living from specialized non farming activities
functional zonation
division of a city into areas or zones that share similar activities and land use
gentrification
process of urban residential change that occurs when more affluent people purchase deteriorated buildings in low income neighborhoods in order to renovate them
hinterland
trade area served by a world city potentially includes the entire globe because of increased opportunities for spatial interaction
hybrid city
city that exhibits a mix of indigenous colonial and globalizing influences
informal sector
retail manufacturing and device activities that operate on a small scale without government regulation or oversight and are not measured or recorded in formal or official stats
level of urbanization
percent of people living in urban placces
megacities
city with 10 million or more residents
megalopolis
massive urban complex created as a result of converging metropolitan areas
metropolitan area
large population center
microfinancing
lending practices that provide access to credit and other financial services for low income individuals or groups
mixed used development
an approach used to urban design that combines different types of land use within a particular neighborhood
multiple nuclei model
relates land use patterns to the influence of two or more cores
new urbanism
urban planning movement that developed in the 1990s around the two main goals of preventing sprawl and creating walkable neighorhoods
primate city
city that has a population two or more times the population of the second largest city in the country
rate of urban growth
annual percentage increase in an urban population
redlining
the biased practice of refusing to offer home loans on the basis of the characteristics of a neighborhood instead of the actual condition of the property being mortgaged
sector model
accounting of urban spatial structure that was developed by homer hoyt and that relates the formation of sectors or wedges of similar land use to transportation factors and the influence of high income groups
suburb
the built up area that surrounds the central city
threshold
smallest number of consumers required to profitably supply a certain good or service
urban hierarchy
a series of central places ranked on the basis of their threshold range and market area
urban planning
field of study broadly concerned with improving the physical and social conditions in towns and through the wise use and management of urban space
urban realms model
accounting of urban structure that was developed by james vance and that emphasizes the influential effects of suburbanization on the evolution of urban form
urban redevelopment
process of renovating an area of a city often by completely destroying dilapidated structures and rebuilding on the site
urbanization
process that concentrate people in urban places
urbanized area
land that has been developed for commercial residential or industrial purposes
world city
principal center of global economic power that significantly influences the worlds business
zoning
laws that regulate land use and development
classical model of development
accounting of economic development that was formulated by rostow as a series of five stages through which countries pass as they are transformed by economic investment from a traditional to a modern society
dependency
condition that stems from patterns of international trade and results in underdevelopment
dependency theory
theory that relates disparities in levels of development to relations between dominant and dependent states in the system of international trade
development
process that brings about changes in economic prosperity and the quality of life
economic indicator
value or measure that can be used to gauge development such as gni gdi gdp or incidence of poverty
enviormental indicator
value or measure that provides info about the state of the environment such as levels of pollution or loss of biodiversity
GDP
total monetary value of goods and services produced within a country's geographic borders in a year
GNI
total monetary value of goods and services produced in a year by a country whether those operations are located within the country or abroad
HDI
first development measure to incorporate info about wealth health and education
Income Distribution
how income is divided among different groups or individuals
income inequality
ratio of the earnings of the richest earnings to the poorest
neoliberalism
revival and application of the theory of liberalism especially since late 20th century
normative
in reference to development the establishment of standards or norms to help measure he quality of life
OECD
to enhance development by promoting economic growth among its member countries
poverty
insufficient income to purchase the basic necessities of food clothing and shelter
poverty line
specific income amount social scientists and other use to separate the poor from the nonpoor
poverty rate
percent of the population below the poverty line
poverty reduction theory
development theory focussed on specifically on lowering the incidence of poverty in a developing contry
purchasing power parity
exchange rate to compare input and output
sociodemographic indicator
value or measure that provides info about the welfare of a population such as data on the prevalence of disease of the levels of literacy and education
SAP
country specific economic policy favored by the international monetary fund and world bank
world system theory
body of ideas that were developed and links dependency and underdevelopment to capitalism and its role in creating an international division of labor that shapes relations between core semipripheral and peripheral regions of the world
Verified questions
question
How can we estimate the beta of debt?
Verified answer
algebra
For $f(x,y)=10e^{x^3-y^2}$, find $f_x(x,y),f_y(x,y)$ and $f_{yx}(x,y)$.
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economics
The supply $S(t)$ and demand $D(t)$ functions for a commodity are given in terms of the unit price $p(t)$ at time $t$. Assume that price changes at a rate proportional to the shortage $D(t)-S(t)$, with the indicated constant of proportionality $k$ and initial price $p_0$. In each exercise: (a) Set up and solve a differential equation for $p(t)$. (b) Fund the unit price of the commodity when $t=4$. (c) Determine what happens to the price as $t \rightarrow \infty$. $$ S(t)=1+p(t) ; D(t)=2+8 e^{-k / 2} ; k=0.03 ; p_0=2 $$
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question
In May $2008$, CNN reported that sports utility vehicles (SUVs) are plunging toward the "endangered" list. Due to the uncertainty of oil prices and environmental concerns, consumers are replacing gas-guzzling vehicles with fuel-efficient smaller cars. As a result, there has been a big drop in the demand for new as well as used SUVs. A sales manager of a used car dealership for SUVs believes that it takes more than $90$ days, on average, to sell an SUV. In order to test his claim, he samples $40$ recently sold SUVs and finds that it took an average of 95 days to sell an SUV. He believes that the population standard deviation is fairly stable at $20$ days. b. What is the p-value?
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