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CH. 7 MEMORY

Terms in this set (70)

Corbin should attribute some meaning to each date, so that he can take advantage of elaborative rehearsal.
Corbin wants to know which strategy is best for encoding information in his long-term memory. If he is trying to remember a long list of dates for a history test, which strategy would you advise?
leads to poorer grades on tests of that material
Daniel uses his laptop computer in class to take notes because he believes that it a more efficient way to take notes. He thinks it will improve his grades because he can type faster than he can write so he can record more information. Daniel's teacher has read the research on the topic, and explains to Daniel that using a laptop to take notes in class
procedural
Dustin is preparing to run a half-marathon to raise money for his favorite charity. When he is on his training runs he does not think about his technique, but just runs and tries to let his mind wander so that he doesn't focus on any pain or fatigue he experiences. Dustin's ability to remember the motor skills of running without consciously thinking about them suggests that he is using __________ memory.
spreading activation in association networks
Faisal is listening to his professor, Dr. Kaisen, lecture about memory. Dr. Kaisen says, "In this case, hearing the word 'fire' would activate that node in memory, and then nodes for related ideas would become activated, so you might quickly think of 'smoke'." Faisal correctly understands that Dr. Kaisen is explaining how information is accessed in long-term storage based on
Both groups recalled words better when they were tested in the same environment where they had learned them
In an innovative study, two groups of participants memorized the same list of words, but one group was on land and the other in water. This study demonstrated the context-dependent memory effect. What was the conclusion of this study?
sensory storage
Jed works for an animation studio where movies are drawn frame by frame. Thanks to this ability of the human memory system, the audience will experience the movie as a continuous stream of animation—not just a series of isolated drawings.
attention
Marina has struggled with exams all semester. She has started to worry that she has memory problems, but her roommate points out that Marina checks email, texts, and listens to music while studying. In other words, Marina's real problem isn't memory but which of the following?
proactive interference
Meredith has a Spanish exam this week. She used to study Latin, and she is afraid that her old memories of Latin will interfere with her ability to remember Spanish vocabulary. Which of the following is Meredith concerned about?
short-term; working
Olga does not have a pen handy, so she mentally rehearses the phone number her boss told her to call. While __________ memory provides storage for the phone number, __________ memory allows her to rehearse it for longer maintenance.
She could still learn new skills, such as riding a bike.
Patient L.P. has anterograde amnesia following a boating accident. Through a series of tests, doctors have confirmed that her implicit memory is unimpaired, although both types of explicit memory are damaged. Which of the following could L.P. be able to do after her injury?
reconsolidation
Piotr loves to tell a good story, and his friends have noticed that, over time, some of his stories have changed slightly. Every time he accesses a memory, it can be affected by new circumstances. This can be explained by the theory of
memory bias.
Ritchard's boyfriend, Kenny, cheated on him and lied about it, so Ritchard ended their relationship. Now when Ritchard thinks about Kenny he realizes that he has many memories of times that Kenny lied to him. In this situation, Ritchard's memories are most likely being affected by
filter theory
Tommy's mother always seems to know when he's up to no good. For example, the other day he had only mumbled the word "smoke" to his friend when his mom yelled at him from the other room. Psychologist Donald Broadbent would explain his mom's abilities with this theory of attention.
Terri has good semantic memory, but poor episodic memory.
While Terri usually can't remember what she ate for lunch, she recalls a wide number of facts and is someone you always want on your team for trivia games. Which of these statements is true?
3 or 4
Zorana is taking a test of her visual sensory memory where she sees 12 letters briefly flashed on a screen. Then she must immediately report as many of the 12 items as she can remember seeing. If her performance is similar to that of most people who participated in George Sperling's (1960) research, then Zorana is likely to recall about __________ letters.
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info
Flashbulb memory
Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Iconic memory
Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
Echoic memory
Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar manageable units
maintenance rehearsal
Abraham is at a club with some friends when he sees an attractive woman at another table. He strikes up a friendly conversation with her, and after a while she gives him her email address. Abraham repeats the email address to himself over and over again while he signals to a friend that he needs a pen so he can write it down. Abraham is using __________ to keep the information active in his working memory.
attention
According to filter theory, having limited __________ helps us to function in the world, because otherwise we would be swamped with irrelevant sensory information
spreading activation models
According to one model of memory, seeing a hammer might also partially activate memories for related items, such as nails, screwdrivers, and wrenches. The model of memory that best accounts for this phenomenon is
eyewitness testimony
After Suzi's purse was stolen, the police asked her to look at mug shots to try to identify the perpetrator. After looking at several images, Suzi felt that they became blurred together in her mind and she no longer felt confident that she would be able to identify the man who stole her purse. In fact, she could no longer recall even whether he had a moustache. The suggestibility of memory raises serious questions about using __________ for courtroom evidence.
It served as a retrieval cue that was encoded with the other happy memories.
Alexandra and her best friend had a fight, after which they didn't speak for months. Then Alexandra came across a ticket stub from a concert the two girls had attended together, and suddenly she recalled happy memories of times she spent with her friend. She then decided it was time to call her friend and try to make up. How did the ticket stub help Alexandra access these memories?
prospective
As he is leaving the house in the morning, Jason's wife calls out to him, "Don't forget that we have a parent-teacher conference at 2:00 today!" Jason replies that he won't forget. This kind of memory, which involves remembering a future event is called __________ memory.
selective listening
Bronte is participating in a research study to determine how effectively she encodes noises that she hears in her surroundings. She wears headphones and is asked to pay attention to and repeat the message in one ear while hearing a different message in the other ear. Bronte is participating in a __________ task.
working memory
Damian noticed that a suspicious car had been circling his neighborhood, so the next time it drove past, he looked at the license plate number. Which type of memory allowed him to repeat the number to himself long enough to find a pen and paper and write it down
Broadbent
Denzel has been assigned a research paper by his psychology instructor. They are studying the memory chapter, and Denzel is to find information about the filter theory. Which founder of this approach should he look up in the library?
encoding
Janay is at a movie with her girlfriend, and the two are enjoying the rich visual scenes on the screen. As the visual information enters Janay's nervous system it is changed into a neural code that her brain can understand. As this occurs, Janay starts to create a memory of the movie through the process of
cryptomnesia
Joaquin worked really hard to write his first history paper. He went to the library and took thorough notes about everything he read. But later he mistakenly thought that some of his notes represented his own original ideas rather than those of other scholars, so without realizing it, Joaquin plagiarized the work of others by making a source attribution error called
storage and retrieval
Keisha had a memorable night at a close friend's wedding. Between the beautiful scenery, the touching vows, and the dancing, this wedding was epic. While the memories have already been encoded, these two phases of memory will allow Keisha to remember and talk about this night for years to come.
schemas
Kendra is studying abroad, and she realizes that, compared to the local students she has befriended, she sometimes remembers events differently. Perhaps her preexisting __________ are affecting the way she encodes experiences.
misattribution
Krista's best friend has a huge crush on a guy in their physics class. When Krista hears he is now single, she immediately tells her friend. A few days later, though, her friend tells her the same news, as if she hadn't heard it from Krista in the first place! What type of distortion error has Krista's friend made?
consolidation
Little does she know it, but while Ileana is having a great time at camp, making new friends and learning new skills, some of her neural connections, especially in her hippocampus, are growing stronger and new synapses have been constructed. What is the name of this process by which experiences become lasting memories?
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Marie kept trying to recall the name of the new movie she wanted to see. Although she'd seen the preview several times, she kept drawing a blank on the title. She had the sense that she knew the title, but she could not produce it at that moment. Which type of forgetting was she experiencing?
change blindness
Mindy had watched her favorite movie nearly a dozen times before she noticed that, in one scene, the color of the leading lady's cardigan changes abruptly. Mindy realized she had not noticed this in the past because of
deep
Mrs. Nieto always takes the time to make lessons meaningful for her students. She doesn't ask them to memorize lists of information without giving her students background and context for each item. She is hoping that __________ encoding based on semantics will allow her students to remember the information better in the future.
retroactive interference
Once Neal left home for college, he found that the street names of his childhood neighborhood, and even the names of his old classmates, became difficult to recall. What type of forgetting has affected Neal?
-learn to knit
-remember the days of the week and the months of the year
-recognize his wife and children
Patient B.F. has anterograde amnesia. Which of the following will he be able to do?
proactive interference
Roberto has just moved to a new address. When he is filling out an information page on a website he automatically starts to type in his old address and then has trouble remembering his new address. What memory process explains why Roberto forgot his new address?
filter theory
Sandy has a huge crush on Casey. When he is nearby, Sandy doesn't pay attention to anything or anyone else. Psychologist Donald Broadbent explained that we selectively attend to the most important information in this model, which he developed
sensory storage
Todd put a tiny light on one spoke of each of his bike wheels. When Todd rides at night, other people see the lights as circles, and not just as a single point, until Todd comes to a stop. Which memory system allows for this visual effect?
chunking
Vikranth takes pride in being able to memorize long strings of letters very quickly. His trick is to see each group of letters as the initials of people he knows. That way, instead of remembering 20 letters, he only has to remember a group of seven friends. What is the name for Vikranth's technique?
primacy; recency
When she goes to the grocery store, Mykaeya leaves her shopping list at home. She is able to remember the first few things on her list and the last few things on her list, but she can't remember the items in the middle of her list. Her memory for the start of her list demonstrates the __________ effect, while remembering things at the end of the list is an example of the __________ effect.
classical conditioning
When she was little, Melanie ate corn nuts right before riding a roller coaster. The ride gave her motion sickness and she threw up. Since then, Melanie has never wanted to eat corn nuts, even though the corn nuts did not cause her to be sick. Which type of implicit memory is at play?
a longer delay between when participants saw the 3 rows and when they had to report one of them.
While reading about George Sperling's research investigating visual sensory storage, Umar is surprised to find out that one particular factor caused a significant decline in participants' ability to remember what was seen. What was this factor
mnemonics
While studying for her final exam in an anatomy and physiology class, Fabienne tries to create a sentence where the first letter of each key term represents an important concept that she will need to know. Fabienne is using the retrieval cue of __________ to help her remember the key terms.
motor skills and habits
While studying the different types of long-term memory, Mary finds it helps if she starts by thinking about how each kind of memory is defined. Which of the following would be the best way for her to think about the definition of procedural memory?
retrograde amnesia
You go to the hospital to visit Patient N.L., who has had memory problems following a sports injury three weeks ago. Patient N.L. recognizes his team of doctors, is able to speak, and is able to remember who has visited him that day, but he did not recognize his girlfriend or parents, and he did not remember where he lived or went to school. You're not surprised to learn that he has been diagnosed with
procedural
Becca is trying to teach her 3-year-old son Cole how to ride a bicycle. Although she knows how to ride a bike, Becca is having a hard time verbalizing the steps to her son. Becca is struggling with trying to explain her ________ memory of riding a bike.
procedural
Igor has not been skiing in 10 years. However, when he gets on his skis, his body remembers exactly how to ski. The kind of memory that makes it possible for him to remember how to ski is
proactive interference
Beth recently changed her e-mail password. For the first few days after changing her password, she kept trying to log in with the old password. Which of the following was Beth experiencing?
relate the names to information he already knows
George has to recall the names of the first 20 presidents of the United States for his history test. According to the levels of processing model of memory, to remember the most names, George should
state-dependent memory.
Whenever Mandy gets angry with her boyfriend, she easily remembers all of the other times she has been angry with him in the past. Mandy's ability to retrieve this information is most likely influenced by
temporal lobe
Explicit memories are stored in the part of the brain called the
flashbulb; more confident about it than
You vividly remember where you were when you heard about the Boston Marathon bombing. What you remember is a(n) ________ memory and you are likely to be ________ a memory for an ordinary event.
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Amanda is telling Connie about a movie she saw last night, when Connie asks who starred in the movie. Amanda gets frustrated because she cannot think of the actor's name, even though she can describe the actor and list other movies in which he has starred. Amanda is most likely experiencing
state-dependent memory
The increased ability to retrieve memories that occurs when the internal states during encoding and the internal states during recall match is called
procedural
Aman has anterograde amnesia. However, he can still remember how to ride a bicycle and how to tie his shoes, because his ________ memory is still intact
persistence
Posttraumatic stress disorder is an example of
begin taking notes by hand
In history class, Kuo takes notes on a laptop. However, by doing this, she misses important details and performs poorly on exams. When she asks her instructor for advice, she is most likely to be told to
memory bias
Yesterday, you caused an argument by insulting another person. Today, you remember the argument as being the other person's fault. You do not remember that you were actually to blame for the argument because of
chunking
Fatima is a new student on campus. Everywhere she goes, she is asked for her 12-digit student number. To memorize her new student number, she thinks of it as three different years. Fatima is using ________ to aid her memory.
procedural; episodic
Jim and Phil are changing the oil in Jim's car. Jim is trying to remember all the actions involved in changing the oil. Phil is trying to remember the first time he ever changed the oil in his car. Jim is trying to recall a ________ memory and Phil is trying to recall a(n) ________ memory.
episodic
If someone asks you to describe your first day of school, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory.
unable; able
If the Wicked Witch of the West flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be ________ to remember anything from before the incident and ________ to form new memories
sensory storage does not last long enough
Memory is an imperfect record of everything we see and experience primarily because
anterograde amnesia
Scientists have created a drug that leaves your existing memory intact but eliminates your ability to form any new memories. This drug seems to create
more deeply.
Elaborative rehearsal is a more effective memory strategy than maintenance rehearsal because the information is processed
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