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A&P Unit 6- The Skeletal System

Terms in this set (78)

Functions of the Skeletal System
Support

Protect


Movement

Production of Blood Cells (Hematopoiesis)

Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)
Osteo
Prefix for bones
Divisions of the Skeletal System
Appendicular

Axial
How many bones are in the human body ?
206
Classifications of Bones
Long-act as levers with muscles. Support (arms & legs)

Short-aids with movement (fingers & toes)

Flat-protection and muscle attachment (sternum & skull)

Irregular-muscle attachment & joints (facial & vertebra
Sesamoid
a small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure. The kneecap is the major one
Compact Bone
known as hard bone

Cells are very close together. Found in long bones & forms the outer layer of other bones
Cancellous Bone
known as spongy bone; Cells are not close together. Found in short, flat & irregular bones
Marrow Bone (prefix-myelo)
Yellow Marrow
Red Marrow
Yellow Marrow
soft, fatty & yellow. Some fat is stored here.
Red Marrow
contains little fat & an abundance of marrow cells.

Productions of Blood Cells (Hematopoesis) occurs here
Hematopoieses
production of blood Cells
Types of Blood Cells produced in red marrow
Erythrocytes - red blood cells

Leukocytes - white blood cells

Thrombocytes - platelets
diaphysis
Shaft of the long bone; bone inbetween the ends of the bone
Medullary Cavity
Space in the middle of the diaphysis; Yellow marrow is found here
epiphysis
Ends of the long bone; red marrow is found here in the spongy bone
A long bone is composed of....
Outer shell is composed of compact bone

Ends are composed of spongy bone.Spaces within thespongy bone are filled with red bone marrow.
periosteum
tough fibrous membrane covering the outside of the bone

contains nerve endings & blood vessels to nourish the bone tissue.
osteoblast
Bone cells on the inner surface

Cells are important in the growth & repair of
bone tissue.


When there is a break in the bone, there is an increased
activity of the osteoblasts & calcium salts are deposited at the site
Osteoclast
Phagocytic cells that eat dead bone cells
endosterum
Membrane that lines the medullary cavity
articular cartilage
Located at the ends of long bone.

Cushions the bone at the joint
Why are bones hard ?
due to calcium & phosphorus
Epiphyseal Cartilage
cartilage between the diaphysis & epiphysis

Area allows for bone expansion
Growth Hormone (GH), estrogen & testosterone
Growth of the bone is affected by these hormones
Structure of the Short Bone & Flat Bones
same as a long bone only smaller
Flat Bones
Compact Bone-Spongy Bone-Compact Bone

Spongy bone contains red bone marrow

Examples- cranium and sternum
Sinus
Air sinuses add lightness to the skull & act as echo chambers for the voice.
Vertebra
irregular bones that form the spinal column

Separated by fibrocartilage

There are openings between the vertebra through which the spinal nerves pass.
Body of Vertebra
-solid cylinder of spongy bone

-faces the front of the body

-Serves to protect.
Articular Process
prevent undesirable movement between vertebra
Transverse Process
for the attachment of muscles and articulation with the ribs.
Spinous Process
for the attachment of muscles
Vertebral Foramen
opening through which the spinal cord passes
Intervertebral Foramen
opening between the vertebra for passage of the spinal nerves
Tuberosity
lump or large knoblike projection of bone
Process
bony prominence
Spine
sharp process
Ridge or Crest
a thin narrow raised area
Foramen
hole through the bone through which blood vessels, ligaments & nerves pass
Fossa
dent or depression
Trochanter
large process on the femur
Canal or Meatus
tubelike hole
Suture
is the line where the skull bones have joined
joints ( prefix- arthro)
The point at which the bones are attached to each other are called

body position to be changed and to permit motion
Kinds of Joints
Immovable/Fibrous


Cartilaginous

Freely Movable/Synovial
Immovable/Fibrous
Allows no motion such as the Sutures of skull.
Cartilaginous
Allows a slight degree of motion or flexibility such as Vertebra, symphysis pubis, sacroiliac joint
Freely Movable/Synovial
joints are lined with synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint. Allows for free movement
ligaments
hold the bones together & are found in connection with all the freely movable joints
Knee Joint
...
...
anterior & posterior cruciate ligament (Synovial Joint)


extra cartilage called the meniscus
Bursae
are sacs filled with synovial fluid are found at the ends of bones & between muscles
Tendons
fascial membrane that anchor muscle to bones.
Types of Freely Movable Joints-Hinge Joint
opens & closes like a door.

Example: Finger, elbow & knee
Types of Freely Movable Joints-Ball and Socket Joint
Allows a rotating motion.

Rounded end of one bone fits into a hollow depression of another bone.

Example: Shoulder and hips.
Types of Freely Movable Joints- Pivot Joint
One bone turns around another bone
Example: Elbow
Types of Freely Movable Joints-Gliding Joint
Bones glide on each other to allow movement

Example: Wrist
Types of Freely Movable Joints-Saddle Joint
Joint-Slight rounded surface of one bone fits intoa slight hollow in another bone.

Example: Thumb
Flexion
bending motion. Decreasing the angle between 2 parts
Extension
straightening or stretching. Increasing the angle between 2 parts
Abduction
Motion away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Motion toward the midline of the body
Rotation
Motion around a central axis
Sprain
tearing or stretching of the ligament
Strain
overstretching of a muscle, due to physical exertion, small tears in the muscle, "pulled muscle"
Dislocation
a separation of two bones where they meet at a joint
Closed/Simple Fracture
without puncture to the skin
Open/Compound Fracture
puncture to the skin, increases risk of infection
Hairline Fracture
fine fracture that does not completely break
Spiral Fracture
severely twisted
Greenstick Fracture
incomplete breaks, occur in children because bones are soft & pliable
Comminuted Fracture
crushed fragmented, splintered, "many pieces"
Depressed Fracture
caved in, such as a skull fracture "hit with a baseball bat"
Transverse Fracture
horizontally across the bone
Oblique Fracture
diagonally across the
length of the bone
Antirheumatics
Manages symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis & in more severe cases slows joint destruction & preserves function

Common ones - Plaquenil,Arava,Trexall,Minocin
Bone resorption inhibitors
Treats / prevents osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

Other uses include treatment of osteoporosis due to other causes, including corticosteroid therapy, treatment of Paget's disease of the bone, and management of hypercalcemia.
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