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AFOQT

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (244)

Manufacturer's Empty Weight (MEW)

the total weight of the aircraft as it was built. Includes systems and components required for the aircraft to operate. Does NOT include the weight of the baggage, passengers, or either usable or unusable fuel or fluid.

Operating Empty Weight (OEW)

the MEW plus the weight of the crew, fluids, unusable fuel, and the equipment required for flight. Does NOT include baggage, passengers, or usable fuel.

All-Up Weight (AUW) or Aircraft Gross Weight (AGW)

the total aircraft weight at any given moment during a flight. The AUW decreases as fuel and fluids are consumed during the operation of the flight.

Maximum Landing Weight (MLW)

an aircraft's weight limit for landing. Exceeding this weight increases stress on the landing gear and may affect the distance required for a safe landing

Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW)

the permissible weight of an aircraft with its contents and includes unusable fuel. The total MZFW excludes the weight of usable fuel on board and any consumable fluids

Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW)

an aircraft's weight limit for takeoff. Exceeding this limit increases the power required for takeoff, lengthens the runway distance needed for a successful lift off, and places excess stress on the aircraft structure

Maximum Ramp Weight (MRW)

the weight limit for an aircraft to taxi or be towed on the ground

Flight Envelope

Encompasses the limits of speed, altitude, and angle of attack required by any aircraft to maintain a stable flight. An incorrect combination of these may result in a stall, during which the aircraft experiences a decrease in lift and a reduction in airspeed

Angle of Attack (AOA)

the angle measured between the direction of airflow against the wing and the chord (an imaginary reference line the extends from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing

Located on from the midpoint of the trailing edge of the wing to the wing's tip. Help with roll control

located on the trailing edge of the wing; increase wing's surface area and deflect the air flow downward. Allow planes to lift at slower speeds.

Located directly forward of the trailing edge flaps to assist the ailerons in roll control and to act as speed brakes for descent and landing. Extend upward to help reduce airspeed (ex: raised when landing to help assist brakes in slowing airplane down)

air resistance experienced during flight

any "parasite" on the structure of the aircraft: low air pressure in the tires, skin friction (any rough spot on the skin of the aircraft structure) This, along with any rivet heads that may project above the skin, causes resistance to the air current flowing across the wing.

Produced mainly by the shape of the aircraft. A smaller slimmer aircraft reduces profile drag.

When, at the back of the wing, air flowing rapidly across the top meets air flowing more slowly underneath, creating a vortex. This type of drag depends on the performance of the aircraft. When lift, airspeed, and AOA increase, induced drag automatically increases too.

When an airplane increases its lift, which statement is true about the air pressure flowing above and below its wings?

Air pressure is lower above the wings and higher below the wings, producing lift.

Bernoulli's Principle

As the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases. Air flows faster over the top of the wing leading to lower pressure. Air flows slower on the bottom of the wing, increasing pressure. Upward push creates lift!

Longitudinal Axis (Roll)

runs lengthwise from the nose to the tail

Lateral Axis (Pitch)

runs wingtip to wingtip

Vertical Axis (Yaw)

Runs perpendicular to the wings at the center of the aircraft

Aircraft's desired position.

along the aircraft's longitudinal axis; controlled by ailerons, located at trailing edge of the wings.

the lateral angle of ascent or descent; controlled by elevators, located in the rear portion of the horizontal tail assebly

Controlled by the rudder, located in the rear part of the tail assembly; movement of the rudder causes the nose to move from side to side.

Pressure Altimeter

in the cockpit based on atmospheric pressure. Calibrated automatically for 29.92 of mercury (Hg). Pilot resets the pressure altitudeindicator after departing an airfieldto ensure the correct pressure altitude of the aircraft is displayed for the destinatin airfield

Aircraft perform more efficiently in what weather?

Colder wether because the air is denser than warm air. (Except if air drops too low and de-icing is necessary) [high air density increases engine performance]

the main body of an aircraft that holds the crew, passengers, and cargo. Wings, tail, engines, and landing gear attach to the fuselage, so it must be extremely strong to withstand stresses while minimizing weight. Also helps stabilize plane in flight

Consists of welded steel-tubing longerons separated by diagonal members to endure the loads placed upon the aircraft

Monocoque Structure

consists of a thin sheet-aluminum alloy curved to fit the shell of the fuselage. This metal skin is designed to withstand the stress of loads and minimize the total weight the total weight of the aircraft.

Monocoque Structure

consists of a thin sheet-aluminum alloy curved to fit the shell of the fuselage. This metal skin is designed to withstand the stress of loads and minimize the total weight the total weight of the aircraft.

Semi-Cantilever Wing

requires both internal bracing and external support from struts attached to the fuselage

an airplane with two pairs of wings

a percentage of the wing chord; typically ranges from 6.5 to 13.5 percent

amount of curvature of the wing. Imaginary line runs halfway between upper and lower surfaces of the wing.

the imaginary line in an airfoil; establishes a baseline for the amount of camber and width required of the wing along with its wingspan

How many types of wing platforms are there?

4 (rectangular, elliptical, tapered, and swept)

Rectangular wing planform

the simplest type, highly inefficient, and typically used for light general aviation

Elliptical wing planform

the most efficient style, with the lowest possible induced drag

Tapered wing planform

cross between a rectangular and an elliptical, providing better lift distribution and moderate efficiency. Aircraft with these wings have a wide range of speeds

Swept wing planform

tapered back to reduce drag. Includes slightly swept, moderately swept, and sharply swept types. Disadvantages: tendency to twist under stress

The amount of lift generated is dependent on the difference between the camber line and the _________

chord line (when the measurements of the chord line and camber line differ greatly, the curvature of the wing will provide more lift)

encompasses the engines and propellers as well as the induction, exhaust, electrical, cooling, lubrication, and fuel systems

reciprocating engine

An engine that converts heat energy created by combusted fuel mixed with air into reciprocating piston movement, which in turn is converted into a rotary motion via a crankshaft. (typically aircraft with cruising speed not exceeding 250 mph)

gas turbine engine

Engine that burns natural gas, sending a hot, high-pressure stream of gas through a turbine connected to an electrical generator. (larger more powerful planes)

turbo-supercharged reciprocating engine

aircraft traveling at high altitudes (over 30,000 ft)

Turbojet engine

A turbine engine which produces its thrust entirely by accelerating the air through the engine. (those that operate at Mach 1 or higher)

during takeoff, engines operate at ________

maximum performance

fixed pitch propeller

pitch has a blade angle that can't be changed by the pilot. The propeller is connected directly to the engine's crankshaft; engine power rotates the crankshaft as well as the propeller, and the propeller converts the engine's rotary power into thrust

Variable pitch propeller

Allows the pilot to adjust the blade pitch during flight

pusher propeller

installed on the rear of an aircraft and faces to the rear; the thrust created from its rotation pushes on the rear of an aircraft instead of pulls the aircraft, contrary to fixed and variable

The pitch of any styles of propeller affects _______

the way it cuts through the air, producing air mass

Thrust Horsepower Equation

thp=(thrust x aircraft speed (in mph))/375 pph

Styles of landing gear

tail wheel, tandem, tricycle

landing gear consisting of a third wheel assembly, beneficial for landing on non-paved runways (when aircraft's main landing gear is positioned forward of its center of gravity)

tandem landing gear

has both main and tail portions mounted along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. Supports the use of flexible wings

tricycle landing gear

includes a main gear and a nose gear, which together support increased braking ability, higher landing speeds, and better visibility for ground operations

tail (empennage)

rear portion of the aircraft; provides stability and consists of the rudder, vertical stabilizer, horizontal stabilizer, the trim tabs, and 2 elevators

vertical tail structure consists of _____

rudder and vertical stabilizer

used to keep the aircraft in coordinated flight; at the rear end of the vertical stabilizer

Vertical Stabilizer

To control yaw.

horizontal tail structure consists of _____

horizontal stabilizer and elevators

horizontal stabilizer

at the front end of the tail structure; prevents the aircraft from pitching up and down

part on a plane's tail that makes the plane go up and down; hinged to the horizontal stabilizer

on the trailing edges of the wings toward the fuselage, the rudder, and the elevators. Act as a secondary flight control system, helping to offset an undesirable altitude of the aircraft and relieving pressure on the controls

primary flight control system

manages ailerons, elevators, and rudder. Designed for the safe maneuvering of the aircraft and the elimination of over-controlling measures introduced by the pilot

secondary flight control system

manages the flaps, leading edge devices, spoilers, trim tabs, Assist the pilot in optimizing aircraft performance during flight

coordinate movement

throttle-increases/decreases power
joystick/control wheel-directs the aircraft left, right, nose up, nose down
pedals- shift the rudder, which moves the aircraft left or right

4 Fundamental Flight Maneuvers

Straight and level flight, turns, climbs, and descents

Straight and level flight

Main maneuver, Wing tips even with horizon, Constant heading and altitude is maintained

ailerons should be banked toward direction of the turn. To return to level flight, the vertical lift component must equal the weight of the aircraft. (3 types: shallow, medium, steep)

To perform a turn, actions required are:

1. The pilot moves the stick (cyclic) to the left for lefts turns or right for right turns
2. Enough power or pitching up is also added to counteract the loss of lift
3. The controls are neutralized to stop any increase in the bank angle and to maintain the desired bank angle
4. After the turn is accomplished, the ailerons are leveled to resume flight

bank of less than 20 degrees; after this turn, the stability of an aircraft naturally returns to level flight without pilot interference

bank roughly 20-45 degrees; pilot must input aileron pressure to return the aircraft to level flight

any bank greater than 45 degrees; after a steep turn the pilot must input opposite pressure on the controls to return the aircraft to level flight

when an aircraft flight path changes from a lower to a higher level in altitude. Pilot must increase lift to overcome the aircraft's weight (if not, results in decrease of airspeed; to correct, input thrust)

Normal climb (cruise climb)

performed within the aircraft manufacturer's standards; the aircraft increases airspeed, but it my not be operating at its optimum performance

Best Rate of Climb

gaining the most altitude in a given amount of time using the most power available to reach cruising altitude (Vy). Steeper than a normal and results in greatest altitude gain over a set amount of time. Used during takeoff or when needs to gain altitude quickly

Best Angle of Climb

gaining the most altitude over a given distance. Used during takeoff, but also at airports where there are obstructions in the flight path. Navigating obstacles requires this

the opposite of a climb. Engine power levels must be reduced to maintain airspeed and avoid an excess speed situation

Partial Power Descent

Preferred way to decrease altitude. Aircraft should drop at a rate of 500 feet per minute

Minimum Safe Airspeed (MSA)

a nose-high controlled descent used to clear obstacles on a short runway. Aircraft's angle is steeper than during a partial power descent.

Emergency Descent

occurs when an aircraft rapidly loses altitude

percent of change formula

percent of change=amount of change/original amount

part=whole x percent
percent=part/whole
whole=part/percent

midpoint formula

(x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2

distance formula

d = √[( x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²]

quadratic equation

quadratic equation axis of symmetry (x point of vertex)

quadratic formula

x = -b ± √(b² - 4ac)/2a

supplementary angles

Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees

complementary angles

Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees

Circumference of a circle

Area of a circle

Area of a triangle

Pythagorean Theorem

a²+b²=c²
where c always represents the hypotenuse and a and b represent the other sides of a right triangle

Triangle Inequality Theorem

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side. and greater than their distance

Polygon Angle Sum Theorem

The sum of the measures of the angles of an n-gon is (n-2)180 (n is number of sides)

Polygons and Interior Angles

Sum of interior angles of a polygon = (n-2) x 180, where n is the number of sides.

Corners of a polygon known as vertices (vertex singular).

Can cut a polygon into triangles, count the number of triangles, and multiply by 180.

Triangle = 3 sides = 180 degrees
Quadrilateral = 4 sides = 360 degrees
Pentagon = 5 sides = 540 degrees
Hexagon = 6 sides = 720 degrees

polygons exterior angles

all add up to 360 degrees

Smallest particle of an element that is still identifiable as a part of that element; if you break down an atom any further, it is no longer an identifiable element

positively charged subatomic particles

negatively charged subatomic particles

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

the number of protons in an atom; all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons (called the element's atomic number)

Number of known elements

115-88 occur naturally, all others are manufactured

periodic table to elements

A table that classifies elements by their physical and chemical properties; rows are called periods; columns are called groups; each element is listed in order of increasing atomic number and aligned so that the elements exhibit similar qualities

elements in the periodic table exhibit trends across periods and groups:

-elements within a group have the same outer electron arrangement. The number of the main group corresponds to the number of valence electrons in those elements; however, most of the transition elements contain 2 electrons in their valence shells
-the horizontal rows correspond to the number of occupied electron shells of the atom
-the elements set below the main table are the lanthanides (upper row) and actinides. They also usually have 2 electrons in their outer shells
-in general, the elements increase in mass from left to right and from top to bottom

atoms of the same element that have different numbers of electrons and will have a charge (electrons don't equal protons)
-postitive ions=cations
-negative ions=anions

atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but same number of protons

when 2 or more atoms join together they form a molecule

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

the attraction between oppositely charged ions

a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture. (water)
-compounds made up of identical molecules are called pure substances (water)

consists of 2 or more substances that are not chemically bonded

homogenous mixture

a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout (salt water, air)

heterogeneous mixture

a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout (vegetable soup, rocks and soil)

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
-if the solution is a liquid, the material being dissolved is a solute, and the liquid it is being dissolved in is called the solvent

saturated solution

a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute

changes in states of matter

Melting: solid to liquid
Freezing: liquid to solid
Evaporation: liquid to gas
Condensation: gas to liquid
Sublimation: solid to gas (dry ice)
Deposition: gas to solid (water vapor freezing into a solid)

chemical reaction

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances. Caused primarily by a change in bonding structure in these substances due to exchange of electrons

reagents (reactants)

starting substances of a reaction

Ending materials in a chemical reaction.

single-displacement reaction

a reaction in which one element or radical takes the place of another element or radical in a compound

synthesis reaction

a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single product (C + O2--> CO2)

decomposition reaction

a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances

combustion reaction

a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light (the products are always water and carbon dioxide)
-ex: kerosene reacting with oxygen to light a lamp

oxidation/reduction reaction

any chemical change in which one species is oxidized (loses electrons) and another species is reduced (gains electrons); also called redox reaction; electrons are transferred between atoms; total number of electrons does not change, they get shifted around
-reducing agent: the element doing the oxidizing; has given electrons, or been reduced
-oxidizing agent: the reduced element; has taken electrons from a different element

Anything that has mass and takes up space

A measure of the amount of matter in an object
-measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg)

extrinsic properties

Refers to properties one can change such as size, shape, amount, and texture

intrinsic properties

properties that do not change based on the amount present (density and specific gravity)

Matter can undergo ________ and ________ changes.

physical and chemical

chemical change

A change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties. (burning of wood transforms into smoke and ash, lighting a match)

physical change

A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance (cutting a piece of wood, melting ice)

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. (orange juice, vinegar)
-sour taste
-react strongly with metals
-pH between 0 and 7

a compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution (bleach, detergent)
-taste bitter
-slippery texture
-pH between 7 and 14

is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution, and a substrate is a molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme.
-neutral solution, has same number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, has a pH of 7

weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

a physical quantity that has quantity but no direction

quantities that have both a magnitude and a direction

How far an object has moved along its path; is a scalar (values such as 54 east or 16 miles)

how far an object has traveled from its starting position; is a vector (54m east or -16 miles)

how quickly something is moving (distance/time)
-scalar value

rate at which an object changes position (displacement/time)
-an object that travels a certain distance then returns to its starting point has a velocity of zero
-speed of an object in a certain direction (moving soccer ball)
-vector value

The rate at which velocity changes

A push or pull exerted on an object
-gravity: the attraction of one mass to another mass
-tension: ie ropes pulling or holding up an object
-friction: created by 2 objects moving against each other
-normal force: when an object is resting on another object
buoyant force: the upward force experienced by floating objects

A state of balance; when an object is at rest or moving with a constant speed

Newton's First Law

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newton's Second Law

Force equals mass times acceleration

Newton's Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

the ability to do work (2 kinds: potential and kinetic)

the energy an object has due to its motion

potential energy

when objects have the potential to be in motion due to their position
-defined in relation to a specific point
-ex: book held 10 feet off the ground has more potential energy than a book held 5 feet off the ground because it has the potential to do more work

gravitational potential energy

potential energy related to an object's height

electric potential energy

Energy a charge has due to its location in an electric field

elastic potential energy

the potential energy of an object that is stretched or compressed

chemical potential energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

the name given to kinetic energy of all atoms or molecules in a substance. While it might not look like a substance is in motion, its atoms are constantly spinning and vibrating. The more energy the atoms have, the higher the substance's temperature.

the movement of energy from one substance to another. Energy will spontaneously more from high-energy (high-temp) substances to low-energy (low-temp) substances. This energy can be transferred by radiation, convection, or conduction

does not need a medium; the sun radiates energy to the earth through the vacuum of space

occurs when 2 substances are in contact with each other (pan placed on a hot stove, the heat energy is conducted from the stove to the pan and then to the food in the pan)

The transfer of heat by the circular movement of air or fluids. Ex: convection oven transfers heat through movement caused by hot air rising and cold air sinking

repeating pulses of energy.

mechanical waves

Waves that travel through a medium, like ripples on a pond or compressions in a slinky
-travel faster through denser mediums (ex: sound waves move faster through water than air)

transverse waves

waves that travel up and down (ripples on a pond)

longitudinal wave

A wave that moves the medium in a direction parallel to the direction in which the wave travels. (slinky)
(vibrations travel in the same direction as the energy)

Highest point of a wave

Lowest point of a wave

distance between the midline and the crest (or trough)

The distance between crests (or troughs) of waves

the time that it takes a complete cycle or wave oscillation to occur

Frequency of a wave

number of cycles a wave goes through in a specific period of time

a type of longitudinal wave created by vibrations, ears interpret those waves as sounds. The frequency (rate) of the vibration determines the sound's pitch
-loudness depends on the amplitude, or height, of a sound wave

A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both. (ambulance siren pitch is loud when it gets close, but seems to decrease the farther it gets)

electromagnetic waves

composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and thus do not require a medium to travel through. Classified based on frequency--radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, and visible light

the study of light. Visible light is a wave, and will display similar properties to other waves

to bend or throw back light or heat; to fold or turn back

to bend light so that it looks like it is broken

the frequency of a light wave
-red/orange colors have a lower frequency than blue/violet
-white light is a blend of all the frequencies of visible light. Passing white light through a prism will bend each frequency at a slightly different angle, separating the colors and creating a rainbow.

electric charge

created by a difference in the balance of protons and electrons, which create a positively or negatively charged object. Charged objects create an electric field that spreads outward from the object. Other charged objects in that field will experience a force-objects that have opposite charges will be attracted to each other, and objects with the same charge will be repelled, or pushed away, from each other

Conductors and Insulators

electrons move easily in good conductors and poorly in good insulators

electrostatic charge (static electricity)

occurs when a surface has a buildup of charges. (student rubs a balloon on her head, the friction will cause electrons to move from her hair to the balloon. this creates a negative charge on the balloon and a positive charge on her hair; the resulting attraction will cause her hair to more toward the balloon)

the movement of electrons through a conductor

electric circuit

a complete, unbroken path through which electric charges can flow. Circuits include a voltage source, which powers the movement of electrons known as current (measured in Amperes or Amps)
-sources of voltage include batteries, generators, and wall outlets

Devices that apply resistance to a circuit to manage current. Resistance is measures in Ohms

created by the alignment of spinning electrons within a substance. This alignment will occur naturally in some substances including iron, nickel, and cobalt all of which can be used to produce permanent magnets

a region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts. Have a north and south pole that act similarly to electric charges: opposite poles will attract, and same poles will repel each other. Unlike an electric charge which can be positive or negative, a magnetic field ALWAYS has 2 poles

Electricity and Magnetism

closely related-Electricity can be used to create magnetism and vice versa.
-a moving magnet creates an electric field, and a moving charged particle will create a magnetic field

Every planet, except ______ and ______ have moons, or naturally occurring satellites that orbit a planet

Mercury and Venus

asteroids and comets

small rocky or icy objects that orbit the sun-many are clustered in the asteroid belt, located between Mars and Juptier

Our solar system consists of

8 planets revolving around the sun and smaller objects also orbiting the sun.

List the planets in order from the sun

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (MVEMJSUN: my very energetic mom just said uncle ned)

A collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity and contain millions of stars

hot balls of glowing gas and plasma that emit light

an eclipse in which the moon appears darkened as it passes into the earth's shadow.
-earth is between the sun and moon

The blocking of sunlight to Earth that occurs when the moon is directly between the sun and Earth.

how long it takes the earth to rotate on its axis

24 hours; 1 day

how long it takes the earth to revolve around the sun

about 365 days, 1 year

a naturally occurring, solid, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition (talc, diamonds, topaz)

A naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals; can be either organic or inorganic. Classified based on their formation- igneous, sedentary, and metamorphic

a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface

sedimentary rock

A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together as a result of weathering and erosion

metamorphic rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

an idealized cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the earth's crust, involving igneous intrusion, uplift, erosion, transportation, deposition as sedimentary rock, metamorphism, remelting, and further igneous intrusion.

a science dealing with prehistoric life through the study of fossils

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core (outer core is a liquid layer, inner core is composed of solid iron)

made up of tectonic plates; the earth's surface layer/outermost layer

All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans (71% of the earth's surface)

5 oceans of the world

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic

huge chunks of floating glacial ice

The continual movement of water among Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.

Earth's atmosphere

-troposphere (closest to earth)
-stratosphere (ozone layer, which captures harmful radiation is in this layer)
-mesosphere
-thermosphere
-exosphere (outermost layer, 6,200 miles above the surface)

(made up of 78% Nitrogen)

The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.

Overall weather in an area over a long period of time

3 major climate zones

-polar (cold temperatures, tundra, highlands, nonpermanent ice, and ice cap)
-temperate (moderate temps, include Mediterranean, humid subtropical, marine West Coast, humid continental, and subarctic)
-tropical (warm temps, can be divided into tropical wet, tropical wet and dry, semiarid, and arid)

rules of exponents

*Multiplying numbers with the same base - when you multiply numbers that have the same base, you add their exponents.
*Dividing numbers with the same base - subtract the bottom exponents from the top exponents.
*Raising a power to a power - you multiply the exponents
*Distributing exponents - when several numbers are inside parenthesis, the exponent outside the parenthesis must be distributed to all of the numbers within.

Triangle Inequality Theorem

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side. one side is 7, another is 3, the third has to be between 4 and 10

quadratic equation standard form

ax² + bx + c = 0
vertex: (-b/2a, f(-b/2a))
Axis of symmetry: -b/2a
-if a is positive, then it opens upward
-if a is negative, then it opens downward
-if the absolute value of a is less than 1, then the parabola will get wider the closer |a| is to 0
-if the absolute value of a is greater than 1, thenthe larger |a| becomes, the narrower the parabola will be

Find x intercept

plug in 0 for y

To find y intercept

plug in 0 for x

in quadratic equations, the discriminant (b^2-4ac), tells how many and what type of roots will results without actually calculating the roots

If discriminant is 0, there will be only 1 real roots, and have vertex on the x-axis
-if discriminant is positive, there will be 2 real roots, and 2 x-intercepts
-if it is negative, there will be 0 real roots, 2 complex roots, and no x-intercepts

Third Side Rule

The length of any one side of a triangle must be less than the sum of the other two sides, and greater than the difference between the other two sides. c-b<a<c+b

What flight control maintains the engine within optimal flight parameters?

Inversely proportional relationship

Changing #1 factor causes an opposite change in factor #2, AND at the same rate. Doubling something may half something else.

A relationship between two variables in which the product is a constant. When one variable increases the other decreases in proportion so that the product is unchanged. If b is inversely proportional to a, the equation is of the form b = k/a (where k is a constant). Equation: y = 60/x. y is inversely proportional to x.

761 mph, 343 m/s

resistance is measured in

electricity is the movement of electrons through

Waves with the highest frequency

dissolving sugar in water is a

physical change

Outer shell of atoms are known as:

valence electrons

the minimum speed at which an aircraft can maintain level flight. As the aircraft gains altitude, the stall speed increases, since the aircraft's weight can be better supported through speed

Non-precision Instrument Runways provide what kind of guidance?

Volume of a cylinder

Cylinder Surface Area

Vertical angles

Which of the following waves on the electromagnetic spectrum has the lowest frequency?

The distance between a wave's crest and trough is known as the

planets in our solar system considered gas giants

Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune

How many electrons can be held in the first shell?

Measure of frequency

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