Upgrade to remove ads

Only $35.99/year

Theories of counseling/ helping relationships

Terms in this set (253)

_____ and ____ who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively .

Alfred Adler and Carl Jung

the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions. The talking cure

Eric Berne Transitional Analysis (TA) posits three who states: The Child, the adult, and the parent . These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes

Id, ego and superego

Give an example of TAs wooden leg

Someone stating that they can't keep a job because they didn't have a mother to teach them how

In complete parent

TAs term refers to someone who's caretaker left or died at an early age

In transactional analysis (ta) the ____ is the conscience , or ego state concerned with moral behavior , while in Freudian theory, it is the _____.

Parent ; superego

Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego . This is accomplished by

Identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.

Freudian refers to the ego as

The executive administrator and the reality principle because it governs and acts as a police officer to control the impulses of the Id

The ego is referred to as

The reality principle , it is a mediator between the id and the superego and houses the identity

Freud's theory speaks of Eros ( Greek word meaning love) and Thanatos ( Greek word meaning death). A client who threatens a self destructive act is being ruled primarily by

The Id is present at birth and never matures . It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the

Pleasure principle

The id is the pleasure principle , the ego is the reality principle and the superego is

If you think of the mind as a seesaw , then the fulcrum or balance apparatus would be the

If a counselor states "say whatever comes to mind"

He is using the technique of free association

The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ____ rather than ____ like the id

Perfection ; pleasure

What theories are associated with the analytic movement

Freud, jung, Adler

systematic densensitization

Developed by wolpe, used to weaken the clients response to an anxiety producing stimuli - behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical conditioning

Dreams have both

Manifest & latent content

When a client projects feelings towards the counselor as they had towards someone in their past, this is called

______ refers to the process of making the client aware of something that was previously unknown. This increases self knowledge

Little Albert experiment

John Watson created an experiment where he conditioned a 11 month old child name Albert to be scared of fury objects . First he was exposed to a white rat , at first he wasn't scared but then every time he became close to it , Watson would strike with a steel rod to make a loud noise. Later he was scared of animals that resembled the rat

Cases related to the psychodynamic movement?

Little Hans, Anna O, and Schreber

First psychoanalytic patient who severed from hysteria . In hypnosis she would remember painful events that she was unable to remember while awake. Talking about these painful events brought relief to Anna and this became the talking cure of catharsis

Little Hans case is associated with

Freud, used to contrast behavior therapy . Scared to go into the street where a horse may bite him

Most recalled case in modern psychiatry - subject spent 9 years in a mental hospital , wrote memoirs of a mental patient .. his family was wealthy and bought almost every copy , Freud got his hands on one and wrote a book about it .. Schreber major delusion was he would be transformed into a women , becomes Gods mate and produce a healthier race .. Freud thought they Schreber was struggling with unconscious feelings of homosexuality

In contrast of claissdal psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy or counseling

Uses fewer sessions per week, does not use the couch and is performed face to face

Talking about difficulties to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as

Catharsis and\or abreaction

Id ego and superego is to structural theory as ____ is to topographical theory

Unconscious , preconscios and conscious

The most controversial aspect of Freud's theory is

The Oedipus complex

Most important concept of Freud's theory

Unconscious mind

Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from what

Hypnosis , slips of the tongue and humor , and dreams

Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)

Rates anxiety using introspection

The ___ mind is aware of the immediate environment

The ___ mind is capable of bringing ideas , images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty

Preconscious , it can retrieve information from the conscious mind as well as the unconscious mind

The ____ mind is composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client

Unconscious processes , which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called

Ego defense mechanisms

According to Freud the most important defense mechanism is

Suppression is also referred to as

Repression differs from suppression in that

Repression is automatic and involuntary

An aggressive male who becomes a professional boxer because he is sadistic is displaying

Identification defense mechanism

When a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he will be perceived as successful or worthwhile

A student says he doesnt care that he received an "F" in gym that hurt his GPA because smart ppl are eggheads anyway.. this is an example of

Sour grapes rationalization

Sweet lemon rationalization

Here the person tells you how distasteful a set of circumstances really is

A masters level counselor lands an entry level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep weight off . This illustrates

Sweet lemon rationalization

A teenager breaks his arm right before a tennis match that he was hoping to play and win. He still sends in an entry form. His behavior is influenced by

____ is looking into a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window

Mark is obsessed with stamping out photography . He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is

Reaction formation -when someone acts the opposite way of how they feel

____ occurs when an individual attempts to develop or over develop a positive trait to make up for a limitation . The person secretly hopes that people will focus on the positives rather than the negative factors

A client who has incorporated his fathers values into his thought patterns is a product of

The clients tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as

Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology . His greatest contribution was his concept of the unconscious mind . Critics however contend that

Many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint

The purpose of interpretation in counseling

Make clients aware of their unconscious processes

Organ inferiority related mainly to the work of

Alfred alders individual psychology

When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown , counselors refer to it as

CG Jung , the founder of analytic psychology , said men operate on logic or the ____principle , while women are intuitive operating on the ____ principle

Logos refers to

Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, clients and dreams. He called them ____

Four key elements of building client/counselor relationship

Human relations core : empathy , respect & genuineness
Social influence core: competence, power & intimacy
Skills core: attending , inquiry, reflection
Theory core: understanding of self & interpersonal relationships and skills

Freud's structure of personality

Id , ego & superego

Freud's theory is

Psychoanalytic techniques

Free association , interpretation of dreams

Expanded the concept of the ego

____ emphasized the drive for superiority

The statement " sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction" describes whose theory?

Unconditional positive regard

The counselor accepts the client just the way he is without any stipulations . Popularized by Carl Rogers

In contrast with Freud ,neofreudians emphasized

The term introversion and extroversion are associated with

The tendency to focus energy inward resulting in decreased social interaction.

The tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other ppl

MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)

Associated with the work of Jung , personality assessment

One of Adlers students , Rudolph Dreikurs,

Was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

Projective test in which subjects look at and tell a story about pictures

Adler emphasizes that ppl wish to belong. This is known as

Social connectedness

Paradox technique

Exaggerating the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class

Who is associated with paradox techniques

Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ____ and women to deny their masculine side known as ____.

Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women . The material that makes up the collective unconscious , which is passed from generation to generation is known as

Common archetypes include

The persona, shadow, animus, anima, self,

The shadow archetype is best described as

The dark side of the personality , tho it is not necessary negative . The shadow encompasses everything an individual refused to acknowledge

A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior by smiling when she says she is sad . When her counselor points this out to her, the counselors verbal response is known as

accurate empathy

counselor can truly understand what the client is feeling or experiencing

Give an example of psychoanalytical symptom substitution

During a meeting a counselor states that he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6 year old from sucking his thumb , he may start biting his nails

What is true of an eclectic counselor?

Uses theories and techniques from several models of intervention .. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the clients attributes , resources and situation

The word eclectic is most closely associated with

Frederick c Thorne

A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his appointment is the victim of

Counter transference

Lifestyle , birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by

Adler -adlerians believe that our lifestyle is a predictable self fulfilling prophecy

According to Adler, the first born is prone to experiencing feelings of

Inferiority , they go great lengths to please their parents

According to Adler, a second child will often

Attempt to compete with the first born and often surpass the first borns performance

According to Adler , middle child or children feel they are treated

Unfairly and are often seen as being manipulative

According to Adler, the youngest child is usually

Spoiled or pampered , but usually excel by imitating or modeling the older children's behavior

A counselor who states that a first born child is usually conservative but displays leadership qualities is most likely

An Adlerian that believes behavior must be studied in a social context ; never in isolation

Bf skinners reinforcement theory elaborated on

Edward Thorndikes law of effect

Classical conditioning relates to the work of

An association that naturally exists , such as an animal salivating when food is presented , is called

When you see the word conditioned , substitute the word

When you see the word unconditioned , substitute the word

acquisition period

Refers to the time it takes to learn or acquire a given behavior

Skinners operant conditioning is also referred to as

Instructional learning

respondant behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

All reinforcers

tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur. Both positive and negative reinforcers

negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an adversive stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positve reinforcement as

Is not the same as punishment

William Glasser

Father of reality therapy

In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the Bell was the ___ and the meat was the ___.

Conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

The most effective time interval between the CS and the US

Is .5 or 1/2 of a second

Several graduate students trained a poodle to salivate using Pavlov's classical conditioning . One day the Dept chairmen was driving across campus and honked his horn . The Poodle elicited a salivation response . What has happened

Stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation

The dept chair ordered the students to train the poodle to salivate at the sound of his horn and not the bell . This is called

Stimulus discrimination

experimental neurosis

subject distress when it can't discriminate

In one experiment a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast food cheeseburger . The researcher then kept ringing the bell without given the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as

Extinction and the salivation will disappear

John b Watson's name is associated with what experiment

The significance of little Albert case was to demonstrate that fears are

Learned and not the result of unconscious conflict

During a family counseling session, a 6 year old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor who is obviously ignoring the behavior . The counselor is practicing

Extinction - often the behavior will get worse before it's eliminated , the burst or increase is only temporary

In general , behavior modifications strategies are based heavily on ____ while behavior therapy emphasizes ____.

Skinnerian principles of instrumental conditioning ;
Pavlovian principles of classical conditioning

With a man who wants to stop smoking, how would you find the baseline ?

By charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention

The baseline indicates the

Frequency of the behavior untreated and is sometimes signified in the literature on a chart using an upper case letter A

The first studies that demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes were conducted by

The significance of little Albert experiment by John Watson and Rosalie Rainer was that

A phobia could be a learner behavior

John b Watson is to cause as Mary cover jones is to

Cure - she demonstrated that learning could serve as a treatment for phobic reaction

In the famous little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear white fury animals. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask . This would demonstrate

Stimulus generalization

A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically based his or her treatment on

Freud's topographic hypothesis

Pavlov, jones and Watson were pioneers of the ____ movement

When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm , she really means

A treatment model

Paradigm refers to

nondirective counseling

A counselor who allows the client to explore thoughts and feelings with a minimum of direction ; this approach is pioneered by Carl Rogers and is often called client centered or person centered

A man says "my life has been lousy for the past six months " a counselor who says " can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad the last six months?" The counselor is

Using concreteness also known as " specificity"

Concreteness is used to

Eliminate vague language

When the counselor uncovers deeper meaning regarding a clients situation

A client who is having panic attack's is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day . The counselor here is using

Example of a biofeedback device

A bathroom scale or mirror - biofeedback does not change the client , it provides the client and helper with biological info

A counselor instructs a mom to give her son m&ms when he does her his homework. This is an example of

Positive reinforcement

Genuineness or congruence is really

The counselors ability to be him or herself

The ability to understand the clients world and to communicate this to the client

Robert Carkhuff is known for his creation of

The five point scale measuring empathy, genuineness , concreteness, and respect

When something is added following an operant , it is known as a ____ and when something is taken away it is called a ___

Positive reinforcer ; negative reinforcer

A respondent is

The consequence of a known stimulus

After a dog is conditioned using the well known experiment of Pavlov's , a light is paired with the bell, in a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salvation. This is called

Higher order conditioning

A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temp in his right hand to ward off migraines . He would utilize

A temperature trainer

Electromyogram and is used to measure muscle tension

An EEG measures?

EKG provides data on the

A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize

A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given everytime a desire response occurs, it is known as

Continuous reinforcement

Interval is based on

Fixed implies that

The reinforcement always takes place after a fixed time or number of responses

Variable implies that

After an average number of responses or times may be used

The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the

Variable ratio because

SUDS stands for

Subjective units of distress scale

A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite candy bar. The candy bar is

A backup reinforcer

An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called

Adversive conditioning , when paired it reduces the satisfaction of drinking alcohol

A counselor decides to treat a client for phobia of flying utilizing wolpes technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in anxiety hierarchy items would be

Imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations

A counselor utilizes role playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily non assertive . Assertiveness trainers refer to this as

Behavioral rehearsal

Behavioral sex therapy , a couple is told to engage in touching and caressing until intercourse is possible

A counselor has an obese client imagine her is terribly sick after eating a high caloric meal . The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable . This technique is called

Covert sensitization

Difference between flooding and explosive therapy

Implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination

How can you remember implosive therapy is therapy done in the imagination

Both begin with I

Behavior therapists often shy away form punishment because

The effects are usually temporary and it teaches aggression

A client states that he was just dumped by his long term gf . The counselor replies "oh you poor dear. It must be terrible. How will you go on " this is an example of

Sympathy - which shows pity

EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)

having people imagine traumatic scents and using a finger to trigger eye movements

A neophyte counselor is afraid that he will say the wrong thing. He thrus keeps repeating the clients statements verbatim when he responds . This is known as

Parroting , and is not recommended

Father of Logotherapy, existential form of treatment which focuses on healing through meaning.

The counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by doing a deed , experiencing a value, or suffering

Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is reductionistic , simplistic , and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized

Being too vague regarding techniques and procedures

Existentialists focus primarily on

The perceptions of the here and now, the purpose is what the person can ultimately become, the present and the future are emphasized

The I thou relationship asserts that

The relationship is horizontal , meaning equality between persons

A vertical relationship asserts

That the counselor is viewed as an expert

Frankl is an existentialist as well as

Who introduced existential therapy to the United States

Who pioneered REBT

Father of gestalt therapy

Existentialists speak of three worlds , the unwelt or the ____ world, the Mitwelt or the ___world, and the Eigenwelt or the _____world.

Physical , relationship, identify
* remember mi sounding like my son, my wife meaning relationship.. and eigenwelt sounds like identify

Frankls experience in nazi concentration camps taught him

That you can't control your environment but you can control your response

Existentialists emphasize the clients ___, ____ and will.

Free choice , decision, and will

Existentialist theorists speak of phenomenology , which refers to the clients internal personal experience of events, and ontology which is

The philosophy of being and existing

The study of being, including the human being., the study of life experience

Victor frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to

Reality therapy

Reality therapy has incorporated

Control theory later referred to as choice therapy

According to control theory also known as choice theory , our behavior is our

Best attempt to control our world to satisfy our wants and needs

In reality therapy

Excuses are not accepted, the unconscious is avoided, therapy is concerned primarily on the here and now , childhood is NOT explored

According to Glasser in reality therapy , the ___ controls the environment

A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselors own words is using

Most experts would agree that ____ is most threatening for clients as well as counselors

When the past is discussed in reality therapy , the focus is on

Successful behaviors because dwelling on past failures can reinforce a negative self image

Failure identify occurs when

A client focuses on past failures that can reinforce a negative self concept- a Glasser term for reality therapy

Glassers position on mental illness is that

Diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible

T/F reality therapy has little use for the DSM

The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is

Like That of a friend who asks what is wrong

Glassers theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote

Schools without failure

Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts

That the client and counselor be persistent and never give up

According to glasser , a positive addiction might be

When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using

Glasser felt the responsible person will have a ___ identity .

Success , meaning he will feel worthy and significant to others

William glasser MD is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis md is to

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

In Albert Ellis rational emotive behavior therapy the client is taught to change cognitions also known as

Self talk and internal verbalizations

The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be

Epictetus , who suggested we feel the way we think

REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the _____ , B is the ____ and C is the _____

Activating event, belief system , emotional consequence

A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper . This is an example of

Bibliography - books pertaining to self improvement

Shoulds and oughts are ___according to Ellis

A client says I lost my job and it's the most terrible thing in the world . This client is engaging in

Awfulizing snd terriblizing also known as catastrophizing

Homework that the use of books or writings pertaining to self-improvement.
(is a form of homework)

Ellis feels that _____ is at the core of emotional disturbance

Irrational thinking

Therapeutic cognitive restructuring refers to

Refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones

The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation is

Donald Meichenbaum

Ta therapist speak of two functions in the Parent ego state , the______

Nurturing parent and the critical parent

The adult ego state

Processes facts and does not focus on feelings

The child ego state is like the little kid within. He child manifest itself as

The natural child, the adopted child, the little professor

Describing the client using PAC is known as

Structural analysis

Ta is a cognitive model of therapy which assets that healthy communication transactions

Occur where vectors of communication run parallel

Ta life positions were made famous by Tom Harris's book I'm OK, You're ok. A person categorized by the position I'm ok, your not ok

Blames others for misery

game analysis (transactional analysis)

The act of looking at the consequences of games

A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action

The empty chair technique

The client imagines another individual is in a chair in front of them and the client talks to the person .

A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player . Games are said to prevent true intimacy . What else is true of games ?

In the first degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third degree game - third degree game the hurt is permanent or even deadly / the greater the number the greater the hurt

Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called

Rackets - when a client manipulates others to experience a childhood feeling

Persons ongoing drama which dictates how a person will live their life

A life script is actually

A life drama or plot

Eric Berne is to TA as fritz Pearls is to

Gestalt therapy

Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of

Carkhuff and Gazda

The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of

Bandler & Grinders neurolinguitic programming

A gestalt therapist is most likely goin to deal with a clients projection via

Playing the projection technique

Gestalt therapy focuses on

The here and now

Gestalt therapist sometimes utilizes the exaggeration experience which mostly resembles

Paradox practiced by frankl , Haley and Erickson

A client is undergoing gestalt therapy , states " it is difficult to get a job in New York City" would be asked by the counselor to

Change the verbalization to an "I" statement - a goal of gestalt is to eliminate the "it" talk and replace it with "I"

Online version of the DOT; find important info about jobs

Occupational outlook handbook published by us dept of labor and revised every two years . Depicts job trends

Most popular interest inventory and based on the theory of John Holland

Gestalt therapy focus on the here and now and incorporates

Psychodrama which is role playing in the treatment process

According to gestalt therapists , a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him and who makes suicide attempts would be engaging in

Retroflection which is the act of doing something to yourself you really wish to do to someone else. The psychoanalysts often say that the person who wishes to kill him or herself really wants to kill someone else

A form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole

Pearls suggested ____ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability .

Five layers of neorosis

In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as

Unfinished business

The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of

Top dog, underdog and the empty chair technique also known as the games of dialogue

Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an effective treatment that

Often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns

Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy was during the

The school of counseling created by Carl Rogers PhD has undergone three name changes . Initially it was called _____ then ____ and in 1974 it changed to ____

Nondirective counseling ; client centered therapy ; the person centered approach

Carl Rogers approach is characterized as an ___ approach.

Existential or humanistic

Humanistic approach is also referred to as

A third force psychology

In person centered approaches reflection is used ___ while advise is ___

A lot; rarely given

Carl Rogers viewed man as

Positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting, environment

A persons center therapist would treat diagnostic categories of the dsm using

The same principles , they don't dwell on diagnosis , treat everyone the same

Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when

external behavior matches an internal response or state.

Rogers felt that ____ for client change to occur

Three conditions are necessary

Person centered counseling would prove least effective with

A person who is not verbal

Counseling usually occurs in a clinical setting while consultation occurs in a ____ setting

Work or organizational setting

Attending behavior that is verbal is also called

Verbal tracking

The counselors social power aka social influence is related to

Expertise, attractedness and trustworthiness

Key areas that often cause problems for the counselors self image are

Competence, power and intimacy

Allen E Ivey has postulated three types of empathy

Basic, subtractive, and additive

_____ and ____ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy

Truax; Carkhuff

The human relations core for effective counseling includes

Empathy, positive regard and genuineness

Fusion with mother

Occurs first 3-4 weeks of life

Symbiosis means _.

To Live Together with mother

Sets with similar terms

NCE Theories of Counseling and the Helping Relatio…

60 terms

Theory and practice of counseling FINAL

59 terms

Theories

112 terms

psych film exam 2

83 terms

Other sets by this creator

Lifestyle & Career Development

109 terms

Appraisal

62 terms

Groups

4 terms

Social & Cultural Foundations

162 terms