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Spring 2012 Final Answer Key

Terms in this set (117)

1. The average food items on U.S. plates travel how many miles to get there?
A. 10 miles B. 100 miles C. 1500 miles D. 10,000 miles
C. 1500
2. Which of the following are main sources of water for Southern California?
A) Colorado River
B) Lake Tahoe
C) Sierra Snowpack
D) A & C
E) All of the above
D) A & C
3. What is the largest agricultural commodity in the entire world?
A) Rice B) Livestock C) Coffee D) wheat
C) Coffee
5. T/F: Norway has passed laws to protect its deep sea coral communities, a majority of which have been lost throughout the world.
T
6. T/F: A substantial portion of the coasts of California are enforced marine protected areas.
F
7. In the 1800s the land that is now San Diego was primarily:
A) Tropical Rainforests
B) Wetlands
C) Deserts
D) Grasslands
B) Wetlands
8. What % of animal species can ONLY live in rainforests?
A) 10% B) 25% C) 50% D) 90%
B) 25%
9. What is an epiphyte?
A) A parasitic plant that houses many ecosystems
B) A plant that grows on top of lake water
C) A plant that grows upon other plants without harming them.
D) An animal that shares a symbiotic relationship with another animal
C) A plant that grows upon other plants without harming them.
10. Why are rainforests so important?
A) They maintain diversity of many types of species
B) They act as a thermostat - regulating temperature and weather
C) They are one of the earth's most important carbon reserves
D) A&B
E) All of the above
E) All of the above
11. What % of forest fires are influenced by activities of men, whether accidental or intended?
A) 10% B) 25% C) 50% D)90%
D)90%
12. What is the name of the compound used to cause accelerated maturation of fruits?
A) Oxytocin B) Probiotics C) Ethylene D) G.R.A.S. compounds*generally recognized as safe)
C) Ethylene
22. The worst mass extinction in the past 600 million years recorded to date was due to:
A) Volcanic eruptions
B) Human activity
C) A meteorite impacting the Earth
D) Global warming
E) Another species that lived unsustainably
D) Global warming
23. The most recent mass extinction event recorded to date was caused by what phenomenon?
A) Global warming
B) A meteorite
C) Volcanic eruptions
D) An epidemic
E) Human activities
B) A meteorite
24. There are two ways to stabilize the human population. At the rate at which we're going, which one is more likely to be the more predominant one?
A) Decrease of the birth rate
B) Increase of the death rate
B) Increase of the death rate
25. Which country has been the most successful in achieving the millennium development goals?
A) USA B) China D) India E) Sweden
B) China
29. What is the most important of the 3 R's of recycling?
A) Reduce B) Reuse C) Recycle
A) Reduce
35. What is the largest factor that contributes to a reduction in fertility? (Think the ease model.)
A) Accessibility to education about birth control/abortion
B) The level of development of the country
C) Accessibility to birth control/abortion
D) Culture
E) Economic conditions
C) Accessibility to birth control/abortion
34. T/F: While the socioeconomic model suggested that families want to have many children unless socioeconomic conditions are favorable for the family, this has in general not been observed.
T. socioeconomic conditions aren't a good indicator of how many kids a family wants to have
1. Which of the following does NOT directly contribute to global warming?
a. Melting of ice glaciers
b. Destruction of Rainforests
c. Rice Patties
d. Fracking
e. They ALL contribute to global warming
a. Melting of ice glaciers
2. Which of the following are important temperature buffers for our planet?
a. Rainforests
b. Volcanos
c. Ice Glaciers
d. A & C
e. All of the above
d. A & C
3. About what % of rainforests is being destroyed each year?
a. 1 %
b. 2.5%
c. 10%
d. 20%
e. >20%
b. 2.5%
4. The vast majority of ozone resides in the:
a. Troposphere
b. Stratosphere
c. Mesosphere
d. Thermosphere
e. Gigantosphere
b. Stratosphere
5. The largest ozone hole, a region in which most of ozone is lost, occurs above which of the following areas?
a. Antarctica
b. The Equator
c. The Pacific Ocean
d. The Artic
e. Europe
a. Antarctica
6. Which of the following are CFCs used for?
a. Pesticides
b. Fracking
c. Coolants
d. Disinfectants
e. Antibiotics
c. Coolants
7. Most of the government's funding is spent on:
a. Agriculture
b. Health
c. Energy
d. Military
e. General Science
d. Military
8. The data used in the famous graph that shows the increase of CO2 throughout time was collected by:

a. Rowland
b. Goodall
c. Keeling
d. Mitzoff
e. Newman
c. Keeling
9. What (environmentally speaking) does PREP stand for?
A) Protect and Regulate the Earth Population
B) Pare and Reduce Earth Pollutants
C) Population Reduction and Earth Preservation
D) Preserve and Retain the Earth's Produce
E) Preparation
C) Population Reduction and Earth Preservation
CFC
-A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers
-Chlorinated Fluorocarbons are chemicals that break down the ozone layer
13. Which of the following is/are the MOST IMPORTANT factor(s) in promoting evolutionary change?
a. Natural Selection
b. Sexual Selection
c. Mutation
d. Directed mutation
e. a and c
e. a and c
14. Which of the following is NOT considered greenhouse gases?
a. CO
b. Methane
c. Sulfur Aerosols
d. Nitrous Oxide
e. All of these are considered greenhouse gases
a. CO
15. T/F: According to the pollution lecture, a fairly benign compound such as CO2 can still be considered a pollutant.
T
16. With the way things are going, by 2050 what % of species will have gone extinct?
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 95%
b. 50%(mass extinction)
17. T/F: California uses about 40% of its total energy just to pump water.
T
18. Water can be considered a cash crop. Which source of drinking water is by far the most expensive?
a. Rainwater
b. Water from the Colorado River
c. Water from the Sierra Snowpack
d. Desalinated Water
e. Two of these are equally expensive
d. Desalinated Water
19. What does the O in the acryonym HIPPO stand for?
a. Overharvesting
b. Overpopulation
c. Overstocked
d. Overcrowding
e. Overprocessed
a. Overharvesting
22. T/F: Trawling results in catches in which the majority of a catch consisted of "bycatch" waste.
T
23. What are the two sides of the environmental coin?
a. The human birth rate and the human death rate
b. Coral reef destruction and rainforest destruction
c. Global warming and ozone destruction
d. The human population and the consumption of resources per person
d. The human population and the consumption of resources per person
27. About how many billion mammals and birds are killed in the U.S. each year?
a. 1 million
b. 10 million
c. 20 billion
d. 50 billion
e. 100 billion
b. 10 million
28. Which animal kingdom is LEAST threatened by the activity of humans?
a. Amphibians
b. Mammals
c. Reptiles
d. Birds
d. Birds
29. T/F: With few exceptions, there is a POSITIVE correlation leniency of abortion laws and the fertility rate of families.
??????F, What do you mean by positive correlation? one variable must have the opposite effect on another variable. Usually this is a negative correlation because abortion laws usually increa fertility rates of babies b/c they can't kill them?
30. Which of the following is required for ozone hole formation to occur?
a. Light
b. Circulation of air in the stratosphere
c. A short period of darkness
d. High temperatures
a. Light
36. Darwin's findings include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Early humans evolved in Africa
b. Life uses essentially the same "genetic code"
c. All living organisms on Earth have a common ancestor
d. While conflict drives much of natural selection, conflict avoidance also has an evolutionary basis
e. B & D
e. B & D
39. According to Dr. Saier's lectures, what fraction of pre-exploitation coral reefs are dead?
a. 1/10
b. 1/3
c. 1/2
d. 2/3
e. 3/4
b. 1/3
40. Which of these sea animals may experience a large increase in population due to human activities?
a. Sharks
b. Dolphins
c. Jellyfish
d. Whales
e. Cod
c. Jellyfish
43. According to the reading "Species Extinction", we are entering a unique mass extinction event. Why is this?
a. This mass extinction event will result in more than 50% of species going extinct.
b. This would be the only extinction event to not have occurred due to a meteorite
c. This mass extinction event will be caused by the activity of a single species
d. This event would be due to an epidemic resulting in the destruction of many species
e. The species causing the mass extinction will also go extinct.
c. This mass extinction event will be caused by the activity of a single species
44. According to the reading "Tropical Rainforests: The Brazilian Amazon", epiphytes reside mostly in which layer in a tropical rainforest?
a. Emergent layer
b. Canopy
c. Understory
d. Forest floor
e. Undershoot
b. Canopy
45. According to the reading "Climate Change", about what of the total % of CO2 emissions is the U.S. responsible for?
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 25%
d. 50%
c. 25%
47. When a species experiences a sharp decline in its population due to human activities, a phenomenon called "population bottleneck" can occur. This results in:
a. Increasing the gene pool of a population, increasing the population's ability to adapt to environmental changes.
b. Increasing the gene pool of a population, decreasing the population's ability to adapt to environmental changes
c. Decreasing the gene pool of a population, increasing the population's ability to adapt to environmental changes
d. Decrease the gene pool of a population, decreasing the population's ability to adapt to environmental changes
d. Decrease the gene pool of a population, decreasing the population's ability to adapt to environmental changes
49. T/F: The human population is currently experiencing exponential growth.
F
50. T/F: The vast majority of U.S. counties do NOT have abortion providers.
T
51. While many animals have been killed for food or other uses, which of the following animals have been killed for essentially no reason?
a. Sharks
b. Sea Otters
c. Dodos
d. King Crabs
e. B & C
c. Dodos
52. T/F: Southern California is a hotspot for species extinction
T
T/F: The human population is currently experiencing exponential growth.
F THE CURRENT human population is increasing linearly?
T/F: With few exceptions, there is a POSITIVE correlation leniency of abortion laws and the fertility rate of families
F. more abortions allowed=less kids
13. What are some of the consequences of fracking?
A) Release of greenhouse gases
B) Irreversible pollution of water
C) Create Ozone
D) Damage of nearby roads
E) A&B
F) All of the above
F) All of the above
14. T/F: Although fracking uses a lot of water, the water used for fracking can be recollected and use again for another fracking event.
F
15. T/F: In past societies, the fetus was generally less valuable than humans and animals.
T
16. Regarding its stage of differentiation, a cell such as a bone marrow cell that can further differentiate into red blood cells but cannot differentiate into cells of a different organ system such as a kidney cell, are referred to as:
A) Totipotent
B) Pluripotent
C) Committed
D) Terminated
B) Pluripotent
18. List the relative impact factor of these foods in order from least environmentally damaging to most environmentally damaging:
A) Dairy, Veggies, Meat
B) Meat, Veggies, Dairy
C) Meat, Dairy, Veggies
D) Veggies, Dairy, Meat
D) Veggies, Dairy, Meat
19. Which of the following is NOT considered to be a reason to be vegetarian?
A) Being vegetarian is healthier
B) Being vegetarian results in less damage towards the environment
C) Being vegetarian provides antioxidants and carbohydrates
D) Being vegetarian provides iron
E) Being vegetarian is morally correct
E) Being vegetarian is morally correct
5.ON WHAT POINT DID ALBERTS EINSTEIN AND SCHWEITZER AGREE WITH PYTHAGORAS, BEN FRANKLIN, LEO TOLSTOY, GEORGE BERNARD SHAW, MAHATMA GANDHI AND MOTHER TERESA?
being vegetarian is the best way to live a healthy lifestyle
HOW DOES EATING MEAT IMPINGE ON RAIN FOREST DESTRUCTION? -
BURNING TREES TO MAKE PASTURES FOR ANIMALS
ABOUT WHAT FRACTION OF THE LARGE FISH SEA LIFE THAT WAS PRESENT IN 1900 IS LEFT?
1%
Termites have endosymbionts with endosymbionts(archae produce methane). bacteria within them. Please explain in general terms what these three (or four) types of organisms are , what they do for the termite, and how they affect the biosphere.
-bacteria, eukaryotes, archea
1)archae increase methane in the atmosphere
2)eukaryotes(humans) use glucose and turn it into CO2; and increase the amount of fossil fuels in the air
3)bacteria turn methane into CO2
microbe:
small organism that's inside of trees and bacteria
20. Which of the following are man-made?
A) Prebiotics
B) Xenobiotics
C) Probiotics
D) Gut microbial flora
B) Xenobiotics
Xenobiotics
chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. EX: PESTICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DRUGS(MEDICINE),CHEMICALS
21. What is the role of the frozen zoo?
A) To create a museum that can exhibit extinct animals
B) To keep track of the animals that are going extinct
C) To exhibit animals whose habitats are in sub-zero temperatures
D) To acquire and preserve genetic material of endangered or extinct animals
D) To acquire and preserve genetic material of endangered or extinct animals
22. The worst mass extinction in the past 600 million years recorded to date was due to:
A) Volcanic eruptions
B) Human activity
C) A meteorite impacting the Earth
D) Global warming
E) Another species that lived unsustainably
D) Global warming
27. Has the Millennium Development Goal : Target 6A: "To halt by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS" progressed?
A) No, there is still no cure for HIV/AIDS so we have made little progress
B) Yes, although there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, medications exist that can reduce symptoms and prolong the life of the infected
C) Yes, an example of a baby having been cured of HIV exists
D) Yes, HIV/AIDS has largely been eradicated
B) Yes, although there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, medications exist that can reduce symptoms and prolong the life of the infected
28. What is the single largest reason as to why the Millennium Development Goal to reduce child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa has yet to be achieved?
A) There has been very little effort into making this goal a reality
B) The goal was simply unattainable and unrealistic
C) Production of food could not keep up with the drastic increase in the human population
D) Increases in epidemics and disease made this more difficult
E) A&C
C) Production of food could not keep up with the drastic increase in the human population
29. What is the most important of the 3 R's of recycling?
A) Reduce B) Reuse C) Recycle
A) Reduce
30. T/F: Evidence suggests that socio-structures, such as dominance by males in chimp society, and dominance by females in bonobo society are genetically determined.
F. their to socially related. b/c chimps and bonobos have opposite lifestyles yet they have closely related to each other
31. Regarding the Peace and War lecture, what are typical characteristics of an "In group"? (in contrast with an "out group")
A) Cooperation
B) Cohesion
C) Prejudice
D) A&B
E) All of the above
D) A&B
32. Which of the following are conditions that promote peace?
A) Unequal distribution of wealth
B) Existence of social ranks
C) Adequate resources
D) Large stores of food and supplies
C) Adequate resources
33. T/F: Studies of human behavior indicate that the body rewards cooperative behavior, and that violence is a relatively rare and unnatural form of behavior.
T
35. What is the largest factor that contributes to a reduction in fertility? (Think the ease model.)
A) Accessibility to education about birth control/abortion
B) The level of development of the country
C) Accessibility to birth control/abortion
D) Culture
E) Economic conditions
C) Accessibility to birth control/abortion
36. T/F: Every country that has reached replacement level TFR or lower, poor women have easy access to birth control.
T. "Replacement level fertility":Most of the world's regions have already achieved or are close to achieving replacement level fertility. "Replacement level fertility" is the total fertility rate—the average number of children born per woman—at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration. This rate is roughly 2.1 children per woman for most countries, although it may modestly vary with mortality rates.Subharan Africa is over populated b/c they dont have easy access to birth control
10. Which of the following were conclusions reached by ICE's test campaign?
a. Audiences trusted technical sources more than government officials and industry
b. The study identified children as a prime target group
c. Scientists serving as spokesmen were extremely effective
d. A & C
e. All of the above
d. A & C
11.T/F: HCFCs have much shorter lifespans than CFCs, making them an ideal replacement for CFCs.
HCFCs can still destroy the atmosphere
12. According to Darwin, humans originated from:
a. Europe
b. South Asia
c. Africa
d. Middle East
c. Africa
20. T/F: Regarding Hammurabi medicine, "Do No Harm" was highly regarded. According to Professor Steve Baird, the repercussions of harming a patient are much greater in magnitude than the reward for healing a patient.
T
21. Cell potency refers to a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. List these terms from "most potent" to least "potent"
a. Totipotent, nullipotent, pluripotent
b. Pluripotent nullipotent, totipotent
c. Totipotent, pluripotent, nullipotent
d. Pluripotent, totipotent, nullipotent
c. Totipotent, pluripotent, nullipotent
24. The majority of car accidents result in ONLY the driver dying. Why is this?
a. The design of automobiles make drivers more susceptible during crashes
b. Drivers sit in the front in an automobile making them more susceptible in forward crashes while crashes from behind are less dangerous
c. Most people drive by themselves
d. The majority of car accidents actually result in multiple deaths
c. Most people drive by themselves
25. ____% of Americans visits fast food restaurants each day.
a. 10%
b. 15%
c. 25%
d. 50%
e. 80%
c. 25%
26. Which of these animals are allowed to live the longest before being slaughtered? (think about the relative impact factors of different types of food)
a. Pigs
b. geese
c. Chickens
d. Veal Calves
e. Dairy Cows
e. Dairy Cows
31. Which of the following is provided for in rich quantities in a vegetarian diet?
a. Iron
b. Protein
c. Pectin
d. Vitamin B12
e. A & B
c. Pectin
32. Insoluble fiber:
a. Is good for digestion
b. Is present in many meat products
c. Can dissolve in water
d. Is a form of digestible carbohydrates
e. Can be considered to be a probiotic
a. Is good for digestion
33. Roe vs Wade resulted in:
a. The legalization of "the pill"
b. Laws that limited the use of CFCs and HCFCs
c. The legalization of abortion
d. Laws protecting endangered species
e. Laws that allowed pharmacist to refuse to give customers contraceptives
c. The legalization of abortion
34. What type of strategists follow the type 1 survivalship curve?
a. R
b. T
c. K
d. P
e. C
C. K
35. Friendly gut microbial bacteria can play many positive roles in the human body. One function these bacteria play is called "Pathogen Competition". What does this refer to?
a. Friendly bacteria metabolizing harmful xenobiotics and detoxifying the host's body
b. Stimulation of the immune system in order to lower infection rates
c. Controlling the "appetite sensors" of the host
d. Competing with harmful bacteria for space inside the host's body
e. Producing nutrients such as organic acids and vitamins for the host
d. Competing with harmful bacteria for space inside the host's body
36. Darwin's findings include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Early humans evolved in Africa
b. Life uses essentially the same "genetic code"
c. All living organisms on Earth have a common ancestor
d. While conflict drives much of natural selection, conflict avoidance also has an evolutionary basis
e. B & D
e. B & D
37. What vegetable/starch is most consumed by the U.S.?
a. Rice
b. French Fries
c. Carrots
d. Lettuce
e. Bread
b. French Fries
. 38. What percent of species in the entirety of the Earth's history are alive today?
a. <1%
b. 2%
c. 5%
d. 10%
e. 25%
a. <1%
41. Oxytocin is a hormone released when:
a. Humans display an act of violence
b. Humans are experiencing high anxiety and fear
c. Humans display acts of cooperation
d. Humans are hungry
e. Humans have sex
c. Humans display acts of cooperation
42. The contents of the reading "Life Without War" centers around which evolutionary perspective?
a. Evolution is a competition-based process referred to as "survival of the fittest"
b. Sexual selection provides a strong driving force for evolution
c. Chimpanzees are naturally peaceful, and violence is unnatural behavior
d. Bonobos are naturally peaceful, and violence is unnatural behavior
e. Cooperation, sharing and helping have a solid evolutionary basis
e. Cooperation, sharing and helping have a solid evolutionary basis
44. According to the reading "Tropical Rainforests: The Brazilian Amazon", epiphytes reside mostly in which layer in a tropical rainforest?
a. Emergent layer
b. Canopy
c. Understory
d. Forest floor
e. Undershoot
b. Canopy
emergent layer
The tallest layer of the rain forest that receives the most sunlight.
understory
layer in a rainforest found underneath the canopy formed by shorter trees and vines
List the layers of the of the rainforest from shortest to tallest:
understory, canopy, emergent layer
46. T/F: The evolutionary process in Biology is largely conflict based: Survival of the fittest decides which genes remain in the gene pool.
F-cooperation in organisms evolve so that they work together in nature
48. According to the refrigerator model, if a happily married couple called Sears only once a year it would result in:
a. The couple never owning a refrigerator
b. The couple's broken refrigerator would never get repaired
c. The couple's broken refrigerator would get repaired
d. The couple would have way too many refrigerators
e. The couple would own one refrigerator since Sears' refrigerators last only about one year
* d. The couple would have way too many refrigerators
50. T/F: The vast majority of U.S. counties do NOT have abortion providers.
T
51. While many animals have been killed for food or other uses, which of the following animals have been killed for essentially no reason?
a. Sharks
b. Sea Otters
c. Dodos
d. King Crabs
e. B & C
c. Dodos
52. T/F: Southern California is a hotspot for species extinction
T
T/F: Primate species that are more closely related to each other have similar social behaviors.
F. b/c chimps and bonobos have opposite lifestyles. Neanthradol were and humans
-the closer the evolutionary relationship, doesn't always mean similar social behaviors
What's the max level of humans that we should allow to reversal of the damage to the Earth's environment caused by humans over the past few centuries?
I estimate that our planet cannot comfortably maintain a human population in excess of about one hundred million if we assume a lifestyle commensurate with American standards. This is the maximal level that I believe should allow reversal of the damage to the Earth's environment caused by humans over the past few centuries. This value is still 100-fold greater than the population of any other primate species! In other words, I believe we must reduce our numbers to about 2% of the present value so that mankind can live in harmony with nature and allow restoration of our resource base.
What the many things that reduce fertility rates
-Hundreds of studies have shown that regardless of the degree of affluence, regardless of the educational level of the people, making birth control methods and abortion freely available, with education provided only to show how these methods are to be used, causes a precipitous decrease in fertility.
Humanism
supports the maximization of individual liberty and opportunity consistent with social and planetary responsibility.
The philosophy of Humanism as enunciated above agrees with the philosophy of rationalism and demands protection of the Earth and its inhabitants.
Three Laws of Biology:
1. The First Law of Biology: All living organisms obey the laws of physics and chemistry.
2. The Second Law of Biology: All living organisms consist of membrane encased cells.
3.The Third Law of Biology: All living organisms arose in an evolutionary process.
Layers of the Rainforest
1. forest floor: the ground layer of the rainforest, teeming w/ insect life and host to the biggest animals of the rainforest
2. understory: The cool, dark environment that is between the canopy and the ground
3. canopy: the upper level of trees that form the cover over the lower layers. Full of life, this layer is hoe to many insects birds reptiles nad mammals
4. emergents: gian trees that stick out above the canopy. They are much tller than average canopy tree. Many birds and insects live here
4. Trawling resulted in which of the following?
A) Destruction of coral reefs
B) Pollution of water to a degree in which it is no longer reusable
C) Capture and death of many unused "bycatch" fish
D) Destruction of the rainforests
E) A & C
E) A & C
frack·ing:
he process of injecting liquid at high pressure into subterranean rocks, boreholes, etc., so as to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas.
17. According to the Supreme Court decision of 2014, the term 'abortion' is considered to apply after:
A) The fetus is "formed"
B) The egg is fertilized
C) The fertilized egg has implanted in the uterus
D) When the soul enters the
C) The fertilized egg has implanted in the uterus
Pregnancy officially starts when ____________________________
a fertilized egg is implanted in the uterus' lining
26. Which of the following is NOT a millennium goal?
A) Reduce poverty
B) Promote gender equality
C) Provide all levels of education to citizens, men and women
D) Reduce child mortality rates
E) Improve maternal health
C) Provide all levels of education to citizens, men and women
54. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an active peace system?
a. Peace maintenance requires an active effort
b. Homicides can occur
c. They typically arise from societies that have experienced conflict
d. Peace is a behavioral default in that society
e. B & D
d. Peace is a behavioral default in that society
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