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AAMC FL2

Terms in this set (74)

what does this mean "AMC forms a peptide bond"
this means that the amino (NH2) group of the AMC will be attacking and attaching the carbonyl of the amino acid.

NH2 would be the site of covalent attachment of the AMC to the model tetra peptide used.
two known methods to calculate energy
E= hf or hc/wavelength

when you are given excitation and emission wavelength and are asked to calculate the energy BETWEEN excitation and emission---you would just take the difference of the two wavelengths. (excitation- emission)

emission is always a higher wavelength and it is the one that is seen in fluorescence
compared to the concentration of proteasome (enzyme), the concentration of substrate is larger by what factor?
...
given enzyme concentration and Vmax, calculate K cat
Kcat = Vmax/[E]
absorption of UV light by organic molecules results in what process?
A. bond breaking
B. excitation of bound electrons
C.Vibration of atoms in polar bonds
D. ejection of bound electron
B. abs always results in electronic excitation. (when you absorb light---electrons increase their energy)

C refers to IR spec

if A and D occurs, we would be dead
silica gel as stationary phase
means that the polar compounds will react with the silica and decrease the Rf---eluting last
half life
time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their DAUGHTER nuclei(DAUGHTER nuclei may or MAY NOT be radioactivv)
why must we lean forward or slide feet under the chair in order to stand up?

A. to increase the force required to stand up
B. to use the friction with the ground
c. to reduce the energy required to stand up
d. to keep the body in equilibrium while rising
D. the person must lean forward to keep the body in equilibrium since the person is only using force in its feet to propel itself up. The person is only in equilibrium when the center of the mass is directly above the feet (aka body leaned forward).

person would fall back wards otherwise due to the large torque created by the combination of the weight of the body and the distance along the horizontal between the center of the mass and the support point.
"electron excited state that is closer to ground level"
rephrase this to lower energy
in designing the experiment, the researcher used what 32P labeled ATP
ATP consists of 3 phosphate group. an enzyme or a phosphorylase transfers its gamma phosphate group to whatever substrate it is phosphorylating. It would make sense that the phosphate being transferred is from the end (gamma) instead of the beginning or the middle.

ans: gamma32ATP
Amino acids that can be phosphorylated
SYTH

--If none of these options are presented then go with the one that contains OH group such as glutamate.
wow this is like so helpful..college taught me nothing
In this passage, it is a bit tricky to tell that there was a removal of Y229A as opposed to an addition unless you know what to look for. However, it all comes down to terminology and notation. First, they refer to Y229A as a variant, which in genetics terms usually refers to a mutation. Therefore, just from that, we know that there is a change from wild-type. Additionally, when you have notation like "Y229A" where there is a letter followed by a number then another letter, this means that the letter corresponding to the first amino acid is replaced with the amino acid corresponding to the second letter. For example, if I were to write "K78A", this would mean lysine (K) was replaced by alanine (A) in that mutation. Therefore, when we look at Y229A, this is a mutation resulting in the replacement of tyrosine (Y) with Alanine (A). Because of this, we know that there was a removal of a tyrosine (aka Y229) and that this adversely affected the protein stability.
venturi effect
when the pressure inside the mask/lung is lower and due to this differential pressure difference, air from atmophere comes into the mass (area of low pressure)--this is known as venturi effect
storage lipids
TAG, three fatty acids ester linked to a single glycerol
lone pair of electron on ammonia
lewis base in water

substance that donates an electron pair in forming a covalent interaction

so--this question i got tripped up bc H20 has more electrons than ammonia, so I thought that this could also act as a lewis base--but remember that water is amphoteric and it is more likely for NH3 (a strong base) to attack water than the other way around.
what is the rate of solid state catalyst in the Haber process?

increase or decrease amount of ammonia produced?
it increases the amount of ammonia produced

The KEY PART I MISSED IS THAT this solid is described as catalyst which means that it must enhance the rate of product formation.
traveling of proton through the conductor
the higher rate that the protons travel at, the more products will be formed and the more favorable the reaction will be
electrolytic cell and temperature needed to drive it
the temperature must be lowered to increase product formation, unless otherwise stated in the passage

you want the temperature to be much lower at the electrode where N2 combines with proton, so that the product does not decompose
formation constant of ammonia
this is the equilibrium constant
if the # is larger than 1; then that means that the product formation is favored and delta G is -
bond between Cu+ and [Cu[NH3]4]2+

what does the subscript 4 represent in the bond?
this is example of lewis acid-base interaction between metal cation and an electron pair donor, which is also known as coordinate covalent bond

it represent the amount of NH3 molecules bound to Cu also known as the coordination number of Cu2+.
largest second ionization energy

smallest second ionization energy
all alkali metals

alkaline earth metals
what is the concentration of Ca2+ in a saturated solution of CaCO3? (Ksp= 4.9x10^-9)
Ksp= [Ca2+][CO3 2-]
ksp= x^2
systolic vs diastolic
systolic is when the first sound is heard--once the pressure exerted by the inflatable cuff falls below the pressure in the artery

--no sound will be heard until the pressure hits the systolic pressure.
which statement correctly describes the structure of DNA double helix?

a. nitrogenous bases pair with other pages in the same purine and pyrimidine groups
b. the two DNA strands of double helix are oriented in the same direction
c. amount of G = amount of C in the DNA sequence
d. sugar-P backbone form the interior of the double helix
amount of G = amount of C in the DNA sequence

B. DNA is antiparallel
C. sugar-P is the exterior of double helix
the glass rod is rubbed with a silk scared producing a charge of +3.2+10-19 C on the rod, magnitude of proton and electron charges is 1.6x10^-19 C. the glass rod has:

a. 5.1x10^11 H+ added to it
b. 5.1x10^11 e- removed to it
c. 2.0x10^10 H+ added to it
d. 2.0x10^10 electrons removed from it
+3.2+10^-19 C/1,6x10^-19= 2.0 x10^10. this means that the rod has excess of positive charge which is created due to removal of electrons.

---IT is not possible to add protons as described in this passage lol
which single bond present in NTG is shortest?
if given average bond energies the one that has the highest energy is the shortest---aka this is the bond that is hardest to break.
calculating delta H for decomposition
you would look at the equation given and (bond broken- bond formed)

if the initial is 4 moles and it asks you to only calculate for 2 mols--you would half the moles.
work done while stretching a rubber band
F= 1/2 kx^2
decibel equation
10 x log (I/Io)

Io is the lowest sound that we can hear

every ten units you go up, the decibel sounds corresponds to a power of 10 intensity difference

if sound 1 is 10 dB louder than sound 2, then the sound heard 10^1 times as intense

If the difference between two is 20 dB louder, then the intensity heard is 10^2= 100

if 30 dB difference, then 10^3= 1000 as intense
mans minimum is 20 and females is 40 dB, what is the ratio of minimum sounds intensities heard?
20 dB difference

10^2= 100
negative focal length
diverging lens, diverging lens creates virtual images only and reduced
a person takes 200 s to walk 5 laps, what is the approximate % of 10 C sample left after the time it took a 75 yr old male to walk one lap around the gym

(half-life of 10 C is 20 sec)
1 lap will be completed in 40 s, so it would have undergone/or represents two half-lives. (1/2)^2= .25
which of the following energy conversions best describes what takes place in a battery-powered resistive circuit when current is flowing?
chemical to electrical to thermal
protein secondary structure is characterized by the pattern of H-bond between

A. backbone amide proton and carbonyl oxygens
B. backbone amide protons and side chain carbonyl oxygen
C. side chain hydroxyl group and backbone carbonyl oxygen
D. side chain amide proton and backbone oxygen
A.
resistor connected in parallel
you take the reciprocal instead of adding them up
suppose that CRY1 is a protein that represses activity of another protein, how would it do so? through replication, transcription or translation?
usually repression of another protein occurs through decreasing level of transcription in that protein. The CRY1 can act as a transcription factor to regulate the activity of the protein by either activating or inhibiting its transcription.
which one of these is high proliferative cells?

a. adipocytes
b. cardiac muscle
c. neurons
d. GI epithelial
we know that the cardiac muscle and the neurons do not proliferate---if they did it could be detrimental.

blood cells, immune cells, neurons---do not have nucleus and cannot proliferate. Neurons are stuck in G0!!! proliferation of adipocyte is known as hyperplasia but this occurs in lesser extent and is not the way to study proliferation in cells
how are pyrimidine dimers repairs? H-bond or phosphodiester bond?
they are repaired by nucleotide excision repair, they do so by linking the phosphodiester 3' carbon atom of one deoxyribose and 5' carbon atom of another deoxyribose within the DNA molecule

un-repaired pyr dimers lead to melanoma
pyrimidine dimer
two pyrimidines joined together C-C
MORE PROTON
MORE ACIDIC---YOU DUMB ALWAYS MAKING DUMB MISTAKES
7. BB- passage states that PH3 lowers ATP production in the liver, BUT when the researchers determined the total cellular concentration of ATP-it turned out to be equal to ATP level in the liver during control? why could that be? what changes to metabolic process must account for this result?
this is a good implication of the opponent theory. when the production of ATP is low in the liver, the cell (cytosol) must increase the level by increasing glycolysis (glycolytic flux) after treatment with AIP to compensate.
how are the complexes in ETC related to one another?
there reactions are complexes being coupled to one another

when studying the activity of the complexes, researchers must study them by isolating them to each other so that inhibition of one does not SIGNIFICANTLY affect the other.
A large carb is tagged with a fluorescent marker and placed in the EXC environment around a macrophage. macrophage ingests this carbohydrate via phagocytosis. which structure will fluorescene?

a. nucleas
b. ER
c. lysosome
d. golgi
C

macrophage ingest foreign particles and traps it in the phagosome. the phagosome then fuses with a lysosome to form phagolysosome. Inside the phagolysosome, the enzyme digest the foreign object and is visualized in the lysosome
ignition of PFK
allosteric and feedback

ATP (end product) down regulates through feedback inhibition by binding to regulatory site other than the active site (allosteric regulation)

IT does not do so by binding to the active site and hence it is not competitively inhibited.
what is the result if the voltage gates potassium channel is blocked?
K+ channel is responsible for repolarizing the membrane AFTER the action potential starts---so without K+ the action potential would be prolonged bc there is nothing there to stop it anymore.

the length of the action potential would be extended and there would be excessive muscle contraction
necrosis
the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.
adverse
preventing success, harmful
isoelectric point of 9
means that the protein is positively charged
where are secretory proteins synthesized and folded
in the RER
what can be said about protein that activate expression and and transcription factor '

bonus: "regulaton of expression:
these protein bind to DNA, meaning that they also contain a nuclear localization sequence

proteins that are translocated in the nucleus also contain nuclear localization sequence.

bonus: think transcription factors
what enzyme is associated with ubiquitination
proteasomes! they act to degrade a protein into smaller fragments and leave them at specific amino acid sequences(SMALL PEPTIDES- not single amino acids)


NO LYSOSOME IS INVOLVED IN THIS PATHWAY
middle region of transmembrane alpha helical domain
they are likely to contain non polar region bc they cross the phospholipid bilayer and as a result these domains are most likely to have a high proportion of hydrophobic residues.
conformation change
DOES NOT MEAN DENATURATION

it just means that protein arranged in a certain way---such as its side chain are exposing more hydrophobic residues than before
what happens when the fluorescence dye leaves the MT membrane?
when this happens, the release of dye causes a hole in the membrane. The MT membrane becomes ionophore--which means that ions can travel from the iM space into the matrix without going though the ATP synthase (uncoupling of ATP phosphorylation)---H+ will be lost as heat and the proton gradient will dissipate.

this is similar to the effect of 2,3-DNP. people used to take this to reduce weight which can be deadly

also protein X starts acting as TM domain and alters the permeability of the inner membrane thereby dissipating the proton gradient
GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
catalyzes the reversible conversion to g3p to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. (glycolysis)
when the passage asks about how a certain mutation effects the outcomes?
always compare it to the WT outcomes, is it similar to WT? is it lowered? is it increased compared to WT?
what typpe of blotting is the best way to determine histone acetylation?
western blotting bc the histone is a protein that is fully foldedd---so the best technique to do so is by western blotting which is the best way to visualize protein.
vapressin regulated the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of the epithelial cells of which renal structure?

a. collecting duct
b. proximal tubule
c. bowmans capsule
d. ascending loop of henle
A. vasopressin regulates the fusion of aquaporins with the apical membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells.


ex: ADH is a vasopressin

acts on renal collecting duct to increase water permeability --leads to decrease urine formation and increase in BP
primary purpose of vasopressin
is to act as extracellular regulator of water by increasing renal handling of water--increases water permeability of the collecting duct. -this decreases urine formation
Schwann cells
myelin forming cells in the peripheral nervous system
microglia
primary immune cells of the CNS, and are highly similar to peripheral macrophages.
astrocytes
the most numerous cell type within the central nervous system (CNS) and perform a variety of tasks, from axon guidance and synaptic support, to the control of the blood brain barrier and blood flow
oligodendrocytes
to provide support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system of some vertebrates, equivalent to the function performed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.
pirions is best described as an infectious:
a. prokaryote
b. transposon
c. protein
d. virus
are a type of PROTEIN that is transmissible and are able to induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins called prion proteins that are found most abundantly in the brain.
Assume that a pathogen enters the bloodstream from the small intestine. of the following, which would be the first major organ that blood borne S. thyphi would encounter?

A. stomach
b. pancreas
c. large intenstine
d. liver
d. blood from the small intestine is transported first to the liver, which regulates nutrient distribution and removes toxins from the blood.
an antibiotic is becoming less effective in treating fever. the best explanation for this observation is selection:
a. against chloramphenicol in F508 hetero
b. against chloramphenicol in F508 homo
c. for chloramphenicol resistance in populations of S. typhi
C. S typhi is a causative agent of typhoid fever. As S typhi becoesm resistant---this abs will becomes less effective in treating fever.


I initially chose A bc the passage states that heterozygote means that they are resistance to fever--so if there is selection against this then they are more likely to get the fever. BUT that is not what the question is asking...no where in the passage does it states that this abx acts on this gene specifically
individuals homozygous express this disease
this means that the heterozygous individuals DO NOT express this allele
scientist have hypothesized that NPY is necessary for the generation of pre-ovulationary LH surge, a hormonal event that triggers ovulation. which of the following findings best supports this hypothesis?
A. when the action of NPY is blocked in female, the LH surge and ovulation does not occur.
B. NPY release from the hypothalamus increases just prior to the pre-ovulatory period
C. NPY can enhance GnRH-stimulated LH secretion in female rats during pre-ovulatory period
the answer is A


I initially picked C bc i thought that this is true and even though it is true, it does not support and prove the question asked. The only way to prove it is by inhibiting the effect of it and seeing what happens in absence of it. Presence means that other factors could also be responsible for this action
internalization of viral particles through endocytosis is mediated by:
a. ER
B. golgi
C. endosome
D. cytosol
B.
protease effect
again it cuts down protein into fragments and can either activate/deactivate function of the enzyme by cleaving them into smaller fragments.
what does this mean,"the precursor EGP is translated from a transcript that had one nontemplated nucleotide added to the open reading frame?
this means that there is a frame shift mutation occurring
role of start and stop codon in amino acid sequence
start codon and stop codons signal to stop translation--they are not translated as protein!! KEEP THIS IN MIND
what does frameshift mutation do to the primary structure of the protein
if the frameshift is added, the carboxyl terminal ends up being different than the non-mutated protein.

However N terminal stays the same as original protien--bc there was no mutation before this and its translation will not be effected.

N-terminus stays the same bc translation is from N to C-terminus
1 mol
6.02 x10^23 molecule
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