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1407 CH26

Terms in this set (48)

The legless condition that is observed in several groups of extant reptiles is the result of _____.


several instances of the legless condition arising independently of each other
individual lizards adapting to a fossorial (living in burrows) lifestyle during their lifetimes
a shared adaptation to an arboreal (living in trees) lifestyle
their common ancestor having been legless
several instances of the legless condition arising independently of each other
The various taxonomic levels (for example, phyla, genera, classes) of the hierarchical classification system differ from each other on the basis of _____.




morphological characters that are applicable to all organisms
their inclusiveness
how widely the organisms assigned to each are distributed throughout the environment
the relative genome sizes of the organisms assigned to each
their inclusiveness
If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms C, D, and E belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?

A and D
D and E
B and D
B and C
D and E
The best classification system is that which most closely _____.



unites organisms that possess similar morphologies
reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes
conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices
reflects evolutionary history
reflects evolutionary history
Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms?

taxonomy
evolution
genomics
informatics
taxonomy
Part complete
The following question refers to the following phylogenetic trees.
image question plz refer to mastering (4 questions i could not post)
Carolus Linnaeus believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Linnaeus would have been uncomfortable with ________.

phylogenies
nested, increasingly inclusive categories of organisms
taxonomy
a hierarchical classification scheme
phylogenies
image question
see mastering image
Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to _____.

sexual selection
possession of shared primitive characters
the inheritance of acquired characteristics
possession of analogous (convergent) traits
possession of analogous (convergent) traits
Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of ________.

parsimony
similarity due to shared ancestry
convergent evolution
homology
convergent evolution
The term convergent evolution is most applicable to which of the following features?

the bones of bat forelimbs and the bones of bird forelimbs
the fur that covers Australian moles and North American moles
the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards
the five-digit condition of human hands and bat wings
the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards
If, someday, an archaean cell is discovered whose rRNA sequence is more similar to that of humans than the sequence of mouse rRNA is to that of humans, the best explanation for this apparent discrepancy would be ________.

retro-evolution by humans
convergent evolution
homology
common ancestry
convergent evolution
Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?

owl wing and hornet wing
bat wing and bird wing
bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb
eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the North American mole
bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb
The importance of computers and of computer software to modern systematics s is most closely linked to advances in ________.

fossil discovery techniques
molecular genetics
light microscopy
radiometric dating
molecular genetics
The common ancestors of birds and mammals were very early (stem) reptiles, which almost certainly possessed three-chambered hearts (two atria, one ventricle). Birds and mammals, however, are alike in having four-chambered hearts (two atria, two ventricles). The four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as ________.

vestiges
structural homologies
structural analogies
the result of shared ancestry
structural analogies
Imagine that a phylogeny was developed for a group of mammals based on bone structure. Which of the following statements would be a reasonable prediction about a phylogeny for the same group of species based on similarities and differences in the structure of a particular enzyme?

The same phylogeny would be predicted.
No prediction could be made.
The amino acid sequence would be identical in all species.
The same phylogeny would be unlikely.
The same phylogeny would be unlikely.
Species W Species X Species Y Species Z
Trait 1 A A A A
Trait 2 A A B B
Trait 3 A B C D
Given that phylogenies are based on shared derived characteristics, which of the following traits is useful in generating a phylogeny of species W, X, Y, and Z?


Trait 1
Trait 2
Trait 3
Traits 1, 2, and 3
trait 2
Which of the following is (are) problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history?

polyphyletic taxa and paraphyletic taxa
polyphyletic taxa
paraphyletic taxa
monophyletic taxa
polyphyletic taxa and paraphyletic taxa
Phylogenetic trees constructed from evidence from molecular systematics are based on similarities in _____.

biochemical pathways
mutations to homologous genes
the pattern of embryological development
morphology
mutations to homologous genes
Regarding these sequence homology data, the principle of maximum parsimony would be applicable in _____.
The questions below refer to the following table, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (for example, Intron I is the one closest to the promoter). The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of species A.

% Sequence Homology
Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V
A 100% 100% 100% 100%
B 98% 99% 82% 96%
C 98% 99% 89% 96%
D 99% 99% 92% 97%
E 98% 99% 80% 94%


Regarding these sequence homology data, the principle of maximum parsimony would be applicable in _____.


selecting appropriate genes for comparison among species
inferring evolutionary relatedness from the number of sequence differences
distinguishing introns from exons
determining degree of sequence homology
inferring evolutionary relatedness from the number of sequence differences
In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is _____.

a shared ancestral character
an example of analogy rather than homology
a shared derived character
a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals
a shared ancestral character
If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

lion
wolf
domestic cat
leopard
wolf
Which of the following would be most useful in creating a phylogenetic tree of a taxon?

a knowledge of color patterns in fossil and living species
a knowledge of mutation rates in modern species
morphological data from fossil and living species
morphological data from fossil species
morphological data from fossil species
Your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree of orchids. She gives you tissue from seven orchid species and one lily. What is the most likely reason she gave you the lily?

to see if the lily is a cryptic orchid species
to demonstrate likely homoplasies
to serve as an outgroup
to see if the lily and the orchids show all the same shared derived characters
to serve as an outgroup
Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of maximum parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees?

The molecular clock validates the principle of parsimony.
Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree.
The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied.
Similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution.
Similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution.
Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to a phylogeny, as represented by a phylogenetic tree?

Descendant groups (branches) from the same node likely share many derived characters.
Shared ancestral characters are excellent traits to use in developing a phylogeny.
A monophyletic group can be properly based on convergent features.
The ancestral group often has all the derived characters of the descendant species.
Descendant groups (branches) from the same node likely share many derived characters.
There is some evidence that reptiles called cynodonts may have had whisker-like hairs around their mouths. If true, then hair is a shared ________.

derived character of mammals, even if cynodonts continue to be classified as reptiles
derived character of mammals, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals
derived character of all vertebrates and not of the mammal clade
ancestral character of the all vertebrates, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals
derived character of mammals, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals
To apply the principle of maximum parsimony to construction of a phylogenetic tree, ________.

choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible
choose the tree with the fewest branch points
choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology
choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable
choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology
Concerning growth in genome size over evolutionary time, which of these is LEAST associated with the others?

gene families
gene duplications
paralogous genes
orthologous genes
orthologous genes
Eukaryotes that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities can still be placed together on the same phylogenetic tree by comparing their _____.

plasmids
homologous genes that are highly conserved
mitochondrial genomes
homologous genes that are poorly conserved
homologous genes that are highly conserved
A phylogenetic tree constructed using sequence differences in mitochondrial DNA would be most valid for discerning the evolutionary relatedness of _____.

archaeans and bacteria
sharks and dolphins
fungi and animals
chimpanzees and humans
chimpanzees and humans
Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology? Dogs and wolves _____.

share a very recent common ancestor
belong to the same order
have very similar morphologies
are both members of the order Carnivora
share a very recent common ancestor
The reason that paralogous genes can diverge from each other within the same gene pool, whereas orthologous genes diverge only after gene pools are isolated from each other, is that _____.

polyploidy is a necessary precondition for the occurrence of sympatric speciation in the wild
paralogous genes can occur only in diploid species; thus, they are absent from most prokaryotes
having multiple copies of genes is essential for the occurrence of sympatric speciation in the wild
having an extra copy of a gene permits modifications to the copy without loss of the original gene product
having an extra copy of a gene permits modifications to the copy without loss of the original gene product
The lakes of northern Minnesota are home to many similar species of damselflies of the genus Enallagma. These species have apparently undergone speciation from ancestral stock since the last glacial retreat about 10 thousand years ago. Sequencing which of the following would probably be most useful in sorting out evolutionary relationships among these closely related species?

conserved regions of nuclear DNA
mitochondrial DNA
ribosomal RNA
amino acids in proteins
mitochondrial DNA
The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is _____.

a recent origin by a gene-duplication event
a large number of base pairs
a reliable average rate of mutation
being acted upon by natural selection
a reliable average rate of mutation
Which of the following would, if it had acted upon a gene, prevent this gene from acting as a reliable molecular clock?

neutral mutations
mutations within introns
natural selection
genetic drift
natural selection
Which of these four gene parts should allow the construction of the most accurate phylogenetic tree, assuming that this is the only part of the gene that has acted as a reliable molecular clock?
The questions below refer to the following table, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (for example, Intron I is the one closest to the promoter). The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of species A.

% Sequence Homology
Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V
A 100% 100% 100% 100%
B 98% 99% 82% 96%
C 98% 99% 89% 96%
D 99% 99% 92% 97%
E 98% 99% 80% 94%


Which of these four gene parts should allow the construction of the most accurate phylogenetic tree, assuming that this is the only part of the gene that has acted as a reliable molecular clock?
Exon V
Intron I
Exon I
Intron VI
intron vi
Based on cladistics, which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic and, therefore, unacceptable?

Animalia
Plantae
Protista
Fungi
fungi
Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium?

Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Protista
plantae
Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "chromatophores." The chromatophores are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants.


A crucial photosynthetic gene of the cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chromatophore is called psaE. This gene is present in the nuclear genome of the cercozoan, but is not in the genome of the chromatophore. This is evidence of _____.
transduction by a phage that infects both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
reciprocal mutations in the chromatophore and nuclear genomes
genetic recombination involving a protist and an archaean
horizontal gene transfer from bacterium to eukaryotes
horizontal gene transfer from bacterium to eukaryotes
What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom?

morphological
ecological
rRNA genes
mtDNA
rRNA genes
Molecular clocks are more reliable when ________.

the surrounding pH is close to 7.0
a significant proportion of mutations are not acted upon by natural selection
most mutations of highly conserved DNA sequences should have no functional effect
the DNA codes for amino acid sequences whose side groups (or R groups) have a neutral pH
a significant proportion of mutations are not acted upon by natural selection
A large proportion of archaeans are extremophiles, so called because they inhabit extreme environments with high acidity, salinity, and/or temperature. Such environments are thought to have been much more common on primitive Earth. Thus, modern extremophiles survive only in places that their ancestors became adapted to long ago. Which of the following is, consequently, a valid statement about modern extremophiles, assuming that their habitats have remained relatively unchanged?

They should currently be undergoing a high level of horizontal gene transfer with non-extremophilic archaeans.
On a phylogenetic tree whose branch lengths are proportional to the amount of genetic change, the branches of the extremophiles should be shorter than the non-extremophilic archaeans.
Among themselves, they should share relatively few ancestral traits, especially those that enabled ancestral forms to adapt to extreme conditions.
They should contain genes that originated in eukaryotes that are the hosts for numerous species of bacteria.
On a phylogenetic tree whose branch lengths are proportional to the amount of genetic change, the branches of the extremophiles should be shorter than the non-extremophilic archaeans.
Which of the following statements is accurate, at least according to our present knowledge?

Genes from prokaryotes have been acquired by some eukaryotes; these genes can allow survival in extreme environments.
Eukaryotes acquired nuclear genes only in the distant past; these genes can allow survival in anaerobic environments.
Prokaryotes acquired genes from eukaryotes many times; these genes can allow survival in extreme environments.
Prokaryotes acquired genes from fungi; these genes can allow the digestion of cellulose.
Genes from prokaryotes have been acquired by some eukaryotes; these genes can allow survival in extreme environments.
If additional DNA sequence evidence shows that yeast genes for synthesizing proteins are more similar to protein-synthesizing genes in bacteria than those in archaea, a modern systematist would ________.

retain the phylogeny that shows a more recent common ancestor between bacteria and archaea
retain the phylogeny that shows a more recent common ancestor between eukaryotes and archaea
redraw the phylogeny to show eukaryotes sharing a more recent common ancestor with bacteria than archaea
redraw the phylogeny to show more recent common ancestry between archaea and yeast than between eukaryotes and archaea
redraw the phylogeny to show eukaryotes sharing a more recent common ancestor with bacteria than archaea
Which of the following statements about horizontal gene transfer is accurate?

Horizontal gene transfer moves only genes that play a role in metabolism.
Horizontal gene transfer among organisms does not occur today.
Horizontal gene transfer occurs only among closely related organisms.
Horizontal gene transfer was quite common in the early stages of evolution of life on Earth.
Horizontal gene transfer was quite common in the early stages of evolution of life on Earth.
The kingdom Monera was dismantled because of which of the following reasons?

The Monera, as originally constituted, contained both plants and animals.
Some, but not all, of the organisms in Monera contained DNA sequences that were similar to those of eukaryotes.
Some Monera contained nuclei in their cells.
The Monera, as originally constituted, was monophyletic.
Some, but not all, of the organisms in Monera contained
magine that you discovered the following information:

Feature Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes
RNA polymerase small, simple complex complex
Introns absent present present
Antibiotic sensitivity sensitive insensitive insensitive
Membrane Lipids C chains unbranched C chains branched C chains branched

These data would support which of the following conclusions?

Bacteria are the only one of the three groups that lacks a nucleus.
Archaea are more similar to bacteria than to eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria.
Eukaryotes share a more recent common ancestor with bacteria than with archaea.
Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria.
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