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3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology

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Describe the role of restriction enzymes in biotechnology applications.



Understanding: Gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size.
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Describe the role of restriction enzymes in biotechnology applications.



Understanding: Gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size.
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific base sequences.
Explain the function and purpose of DNA electrophoresis.



Understanding: Gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size.
Electrophoresis is used to separate molecules according to their size and/or charge. The result is a series of "bands" that each contain molecules of a particular size. The band pattern can be used to identify individuals for:
-forensic analysis
-paternity testing
-determining evolutionary relationships
-testing for alleles associated with disease
Describe how and why DNA fragments separate during electrophoresis.



Understanding: Gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size.
DNA is loaded into the well of an agarose gel. Because DNA is negatively charged (due to the phosphate groups) it will be pulled through the gel by an electric field. DNA fragments move towards the positive electrodes, with smaller fragments moving further.
State the function of the PCR.



Understanding: PCR can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA.
The Polymerase Chain Reaction is used to make many copies ("amplify") of a specific region of DNA, making millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
Describe the selectivity of the PCR.​



Understanding: PCR can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA.
A specific section of DNA can be copied using PCR> By using primers that are specific to a certain sequence of nucleotides, only the targeted region will be copied.