Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

exercise phys final exam (2)

Terms in this set (130)

In protein synthesis, the formation of mRNA is called
a. transcription
b. translation
a. transcription
Most control systems of the body operate via
a. feed forward mechanisms
b. low-gain receptors
c. positive feedback
d. negative feedback
d. negative feedback
Stress proteins that are manufactured by cells in response to exercise
a. can lead to further disruptions in homeostasis
b. can lead to an increased production of free radicals
c. can help to repair damage caused by free radicals
d. can lead to an increased degree of cellular injury
c. can help to repair damage caused by free radicals
Which of the following would occur in response to elevated blood glucose to maintain homeostasis?
a. all of these
b. continued elevation of blood glucose
c. decreased insulin secretion from the pancreas
d. increased uptake of glucose by cells
d. increased uptake of glucose by cells
The gain of a biological control system can be thought of as the
a. ratio of the amount of abnormality to the amount of correction needed to maintain a constant internal environment (i.e., amount abnormality/amount of correction needed).
b. amount of amplification of the system or the precision with which the control system maintains homeostasis
c. positive feedback needed to maintain homeostasis.
d. stimulus that triggers the biological control system to bring the internal environment back to normal.
b. amount of amplification of the system or the precision with which the control system maintains homeostasis
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
a. regulation of blood glucose
b. regulation of body temperature
c. the cellular stress protein response
d. labor contractions during childbirth
d. labor contractions during childbirth
The general components of a biological control system are the
a. receptor, control center, and effector
b. receptor, control center, and response
c. effector, remote control, and stimulus
d. receptor and integrating center
a. receptor, control center, and effector
The term homeostasis is defined as
a. a change within the internal environment
b. a low metabolic rate
c. a constant metabolic demand placed upon the body
d. the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
d. the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
The precision with which a control system maintains homeostasis is termed
a. gain
b. positive feedback
c. set point
d. negative feedback
a. gain
A chemical messenger is released from one cell that stimulates nearby cells is an example of
a. endocrine signaling
b. juxtacrine signaling
c. autocrine signaling
d. paracrine signaling
d. paracrine signaling
The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the immediate energy system is
a. myosin ATPase
b. adenylate cyclase
c. creatine kinase
d. lactate dehydrogenase
c. creatine kinase
The process of beta-oxidation involves
a. breaking down stored triglycerides to FFA
b. none of these
c. the addition of oxygen to a fatty acid
d. the breakdown of a fatty acid to acetyl-CoA
d. the breakdown of a fatty acid to acetyl-CoA
The conversion of pyruvate to lactate requires
a. neither of these
b. both of these
c. NASH+, H+
d. the enzyme LDH
b. both of these
Body temperature increases slightly during exercise. This would have the effect of
a. increasing enzyme activity
b. denaturing enzymes
c. none of these
d. decreasing enzyme activity
a. increasing enzyme activity
Coupled reactions are defined as

a. reactions that are linked together via the same enzyme
b. reactions that are linked together, with the liberation of free energy in one reaction being used to drive the second reaction
c. reactions that are linked via common substrates
d. reactions that are not directly linked together but are related to the same enzyme.
b. reactions that are linked together, with the liberation of free energy in one reaction being used to drive the second reaction
If muscle glycogen is the initial substrate, ____________ ATP can be produced via glycolysis
a. 2
b. 33
c. 3
d. 32
c. 3
The primary function of the Krebs cycle is to
a. complete the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (i.e., form NADH and FADH).
b. prime glycolysis for the production of ATP
c. produce ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation
d. produce H2O and ATP
a. complete the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (i.e., form NADH and FADH).
The rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle is
a. cytochrome oxidase
b. hexokinase
c. isocitrate dehydrogenase
d. succinate dehydrogenase
c. isocitrate dehydrogenase
Elevated blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase may assist in the diagnosis of which medical condition?
a. muscular dystrophy
b. myocardial infarction
c. pancreatitis
d. Paget's disease
b. myocardial infarction
The simplest and most rapid method of producing ATP during exercise is through
a. ATP-PC system
b. glycolysis
c. aerobic metabolism
d. glycogenolysis
a. ATP-PC system
VO2 max is determined by
a. both of these
b. the ability of the muscle to take up and use oxygen to produce ATP
c. the maximum ability of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to the muscle
d. neither of these
a. both of these
At rest, the O2 consumption of a 70-kg young adult is approximately
a. 3.5 ml/kg/min
b. all of these
c. 250 ml/min
d. 0.25 L/min
b. all of these
Trained individuals have a lower oxygen deficit; this may be due to

a. having a greater reliance on anaerobic pathways
b. having a better developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity
c. the involvement of the ATP-CP energy system
d. having a lower VO2 max
b. having a better developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity
Energy to run a 40-yard dash comes
a. exclusively from glycolysis
b. almost exclusively from aerobic metabolism
c. almost exclusively from the ATP-CP system
d. from a combination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolism, with most of the ATP being produced aerobically
c. almost exclusively from the ATP-CP system
Removal of lactic acid following a bout of intense exercise is

a. more rapid if the subject rests, compared to performing light exercise
b. more rapid if the subject performs light exercise (~30% VO2 max), compared to rest
c. the same whether the subject rests or performs light exercise (~30% VO2 max).
d. more rapid if the subject performs heavy exercise (>70% VO2 max), compared to rest
b. more rapid if the subject performs light exercise (~30% VO2 max), compared to rest
The process of breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called
a. lipogenesis
b. glycogenolysis
c. beta oxidation
d. lipolysis
d. lipolysis
Depletion of carbohydrate stores during exercise influences fat metabolism by
a. increasing the amount of muscle lactic acid production
b. reducing the rate of protein metabolism
c. reducing the level of Krebs cycle intermediates
d. increasing the rate of fat metabolism
c. reducing the level of Krebs cycle intermediates
The RQ for fat is
a. 0.85
b. 0.82
c. 1.0
d. 0.7
d. 0.7
The first bioenergetic pathway to become active at the onset of exercise is
a. the ATP-CP system
b. glycolysis
c. the electron transport chain
d. the Krebs cycle
a. the ATP-CP system
Which of the following is true about VO2 during exercise
a. VO2 increases linearly with work rate
b. VO2 is an indicator of glycolytic ATP production
c. None of these
d. VO2 drops sharply just prior to fatigue
a. VO2 increases linearly with work rate
Growth hormone
a. is released from the posterior pituitary
b. spares plasma glucose during exercise
c. is only elevated in children and adolescents
d. all of these are true
b. spares plasma glucose during exercise
Which of the following hormones is secreted from adipose tissue?
a. both of these
b. leptin
c. adiponectin
d. neither or these
a. both of these
Which of the following may be related to changes in mood and pain perception during endurance exercise?
a. glucocorticoids
b. catecholamines
c. somatomedins
d. endorphins
d. endorphins
Growth hormone secretion increases during exercise and decreases during sleep
T/F
false
The term describing the cessation of the menstrual cycle resulting from lower estrogen levels in some female athletes is
a. menarche
b. amenorrhea
c. dysmenorrhea
d. eumenorrhea.
b. amenorrhea
Which of the following is a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
a. epinephrine
b. angiotensin II
c. aldosterone
d. cortisol
a. epinephrine
While hormones circulate to all tissues, some affect only a few tissues. This is due to the
a. type of receptor at the tissue
b. plasma concentration of the hormone
c. training state of the subject
d. concentration of the hormone
a. type of receptor at the tissue
When a drug is given to block the adrenergic receptors during exercise, muscle glycogen utilization is reduced
T/F
false
Blood epinephrine levels increase as exercise intensity increases, but decrease as exercise duration increases
T/F
false
The changes in the plasma concentration of most of the hormones during maximal exercise would stimulate fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue. The plasma-free fatty acid concentration, however, actually decreases. Why does this occur?

a. High insulin levels secreted during maximal exercise interfere with fatty acid mobilization
b. Fatty acid supply is depleted
c. Hormones are ineffective in maximal work
d. Lactic acid interferes with fatty acid mobilization
d. Lactic acid interferes with fatty acid mobilization
Nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system are called
a. sensory
b. efferent
c. afferent
d. dendrites
b. efferent
Nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the central nervous system are called
a. efferent fibers
b. synapses
c. afferent fibers
d. dendrites
c. afferent fibers
The initial drive to move comes from
a. the cerebellum
b. the motor cortex
c. subcortical and cortical areas
d. feedback from motor units
c. subcortical and cortical areas
The summing of many EPSPs from a single pre-synaptic neuron over a short time period is called
a. IPSP
b. spatial summation
c. temporal summation
d. hyperpolarization
c. temporal summation
Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the basal ganglia resulting in
a. increased involuntary movement of tremors
b. an impairment in hearing
c. an impairment in maximal speed of movement
d. impaired reaction times
a. increased involuntary movement of tremors
An excitatory neurotransmitter results in increased neuronal permeability to
a. potassium and results in IPSPs
b. sodium and results in IPSPs
c. potassium and results in EPSPs
d. sodium and results in EPSPs
d. sodium and results in EPSPs
The neurological disease that progressively destroys the myelin sheaths of axons in multiple areas of the CNS is
a. kinesthesia
b. multiple sclerosis
c. Parkinson's disease
b. multiple sclerosis
Neurons can be divided into three basic parts
a. cell body, dendrites, and axon
b. cell body, soma, and axon
c. afferent, efferent, and dendrites
d. soma, dendrites, and Schwann cells
a. cell body, dendrites, and axon
The sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, and the parasympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
T/F
false
The term kinesthesia refers to
a. the transmission of a nerve impulse along the axon
b.the study of movement
c. a lack of sensation in the muscles and joints
d. conscious recognition of the position of body parts with respect to each other
d. conscious recognition of the position of body parts with respect to each other
The breakdown of ATP in muscle is accomplished via the enzyme
a. ATPase
b. lactate dehydrogenase
c. phosphofructokinase
d. succinate dehydrogenase
a. ATPase
The motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates are called a motor
a. nerve
b. junction
c. end plate
d. unit
d. unit
Type IIx fibers
a. have high specific tension
b. are very energy efficient
c. exhibit a high level of fatigue resistance
d. contain a high concentration of aerobic enzymes
a. have high specific tension
A successful endurance athlete would likely have ________________ compared to a sedentary person
a. a higher percentage of type I fibers
b. a higher percentage of fast-twitch fibers
c. the same percentage of slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers
d. a higher percentage of glycolytic fibers
a. a higher percentage of type I fibers
Fast-twitch fibers contain a relatively
a. small number of mitochondria and high ATPase activity
b. large number of mitochondria and low ATPase activity
c. small number of mitochondria and low ATPase activity
a. small number of mitochondria and high ATPase activity
Which of the following has been shown to cause muscle fatigue?
a. the accumulation of Na+
b. the accumulation of muscle glycogen
c. the accumulation H+
d. the accumulation of ATP
c. the accumulation H+
Recent evidence suggests that rigorous exercise training can result in a conversion of muscle fiber type
T/F
true
Which of the following events in muscle contraction is the last to occur chronologically?

a. The T-tubules depolarize, causing calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
b. Calcium is resequestered (taken up) into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. The innervating alpha-motor neuron has an action potential
d. Tropomyosin moves, exposing the actin active sites
b. Calcium is resequestered (taken up) into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
At any given velocity of movement, the peak force is greater in muscles that contain a high percentage of fast-twitch fibers when compared to muscles that possess predominantly slow-twitch fibers
T/F
true
The change in muscle fiber type that would most likely occur as a result of endurance training is
a. type IIa type IIx
b. type IIx type IIa
c. type I type II
d. type IIx type I
b. type IIx type IIa
The decrease in maximal heart rate with age in adults can be estimated via
a. HR max = 210 - age
b. HR max = 200 - age
c. HR max = 220 - age
d. HR max = 205 - age
c. HR max = 220 - age
All gas exchange between the vascular system and tissues occurs in
a. arterioles
b. venules
c. veins
d. capillaries
d. capillaries
At any level of oxygen consumption, heart rate and blood pressure are lower during leg work when compared with arm work
T/F
true
In general, heart rate increases in direct proportion to the metabolic rate during exercise
T/F
true
The contraction phase of the heart is called
a. diastole
b. systole
c. atrial contraction
d. the cardiac cycle
b. systole
The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called the
a. double product
b. mean arterial blood pressure
c. brachial pressure
d. pulse pressure
d. pulse pressure
The relationship between oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and the arterial-venous oxygen difference is described mathematically by the
a. Hill equation
b. Fenn equation
c. Fick equation
d. Frank-Starling law
c. Fick equation
The normal pacemaker of the heart is the
a. atrioventricular node
b. sinoatrial node
c. AV node
d. SV node
b. sinoatrial node
Most of the increase in mean arterial blood pressure that occurs during dynamic (isotonic) incremental exercise is due to
a. an increase in diastolic blood pressure
b. none of these
c. both an increase in diastolic and systolic blood pressure
d. the increase in systolic blood pressure
d. the increase in systolic blood pressure
The muscle of the heart is referred to as the
a. endocardium
b. epicardium
c. pericardium
d. myocardium
d. myocardium
A by-product of anaerobic glycolysis in red blood cells that is thought to alter the O2-Hb dissociation curve is

a. O2
b. 2-3 DPG
c. CO2
d. lactic acid
b. 2-3 DPG
Small changes in arterial PCO2 have a ______________ effect on ventilation compared to small changes in PO2

a. the same
b. greater
c. lesser
b. greater
The amount of air inspired and expired at rest is called
a. vital capacity
b. total lung capacity
c. residual volume
d. tidal volume
d. tidal volume
The ventilatory central chemoreceptors respond to changes in the
a. PCO2 and H+ of mixed venous blood
b. PO2, pH, and PCO2 of arterial blood
c. pH of mixed venous blood
d. pH of cerebral spinal fluid
d. pH of cerebral spinal fluid
During exercise at sea level, young, healthy untrained subjects generally maintain exercise arterial PO2 within
a. 10-12 mm Hg of resting values
b. 1 mm Hg of resting values
c. 15-20 mm Hg of resting values
d. 30-40 mm Hg of resting values
a. 10-12 mm Hg of resting values
A decrease in arterial PO2 below 70 mm Hg would likely result in
a. a decrease in alveolar ventilation
b. an increase in alveolar ventilation
c. no change in alveolar ventilation
b. an increase in alveolar ventilation
Under normal conditions, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is
a. 159 mmHg
b. 760 mmHg
c. 105 mmHg
d. 100 mmHg
c. 105 mmHg
The volume of gas that reaches the respiratory zone (gas-exchange zone) of the lung is termed
a. alveolar ventilation
b. minute ventilation
c. anatomical dead space
d. tidal volume
a. alveolar ventilation
The pulmonary system may limit VO2 max only in elite endurance athletes
T/F
false
The intrapleural pressure is lower than the intrapulmonary pressure
T/F
true
Which of the following plays the most important role in acid-base balance during exercise?
a. neither of these
b. respiratory system
c. both of these
d. kidneys
b. respiratory system
An increase in the hydrogen ion concentration in contracting skeletal muscle can impair performance by hydrogen ions competing with calcium ions for binding sites on troponin
T/F
true
The principal buffer against acidosis during exercise is intracellular phosphate groups
T/F
false
An example of a strong base is bicarbonate (HCO3-).
T/F
true
Acids are defined as
a. molecules that release hydrogen ions (H+).
b. molecules that combine with hydrogen ions
c. molecules that release hydroxyl ions (OH-)
d. substances that raise the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution
a. molecules that release hydrogen ions (H+).
The respiratory system works in the regulation of acid-base balance by lowering the blood tension of
a. HCO3
b. CO2
c. O2
d. H2CO3
b. CO2
The first line of defense in protecting against pH change during exercise is
a. sodium bicarbonate supplementation
b. plasma bicarbonate
c. intracellular buffers
d. blood buffers
c. intracellular buffers
The bicarbonate buffer system results in the stimulation of ventilation
T/F
true
Which of the following events occurs at approximately 50-60% VO2 max?
a. an increase in blood lactic acid concentration
b. a decrease in blood pH
c. all of these
d. a decrease in plasma bicarbonate concentration
c. all of these
Metabolic acidosis is a result of the overproduction of ketoacids, which can occur
a. during exercise
b. all of these
c. as a result of high levels of glucose metabolism
d. in uncontrolled diabetes
d. in uncontrolled diabetes
In general, at high environmental temperatures, the most important variable determining heat loss by evaporation is/are the
a. amount of exposed skin
b. all of these
c. convective currents
d. ambient temperature and relative humidity
b. all of these
Cold adaptation results in a reduction in the mean skin temperature at which shivering begins.
T/F
true
The primary adaptations that occur during heat acclimatization are
a. a decreased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and a lower sweat rate
b. an increased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and a higher sweat rate
c. a decreased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and higher sweat rate
d. an increased plasma volume and lower sweat rate
b. an increased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and a higher sweat rate
Hypothermia is defined as a large
a. decrease in skin blood flow
b. decrease in skin temperature
c. decrease in core (body) temperature
d. increase in core temperature
c. decrease in core (body) temperature
Which of the following is true of heat shock proteins?
a. Repeated bouts of exercise in warm or hot environments decrease their synthesis
b. They help the body tolerate heat stress
c. They destabilize and unfold functional cellular proteins
d. They help the body tolerate cold stress
b. They help the body tolerate heat stress
The transfer of heat from the body into molecules of cooler objects in contact with its surface is called
a. conduction
b. evaporation
c. convection
d. radiation
a. conduction
Which of the following could be a mechanism of heat gain in a hot environment?
a. conduction
b. evaporation
c. convection
d. radiation
d. radiation
The most accurate way to measure core body temperature is with a tympanic thermometer.
T/F
false
Heat production can be increased voluntarily through
a. shivering
b. exercise
c. the action of thyroxine and catecholamines
d. non-shivering thermogenesis
b. exercise
Training in a cool environment while wearing warm clothing (e.g., sweats) promotes heat acclimatization.
T/F
true
Research indicates that anyone can increase his or her VO2 max with training, yet a genetic predisposition is required to have a VO2 max comparable to that of an elite endurance athlete.
T/F
true
Following endurance training, afterload decreases during maximal exercise because there is a decrease in sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in the arterioles of the exercising
T/F
true
Following training, if the increase in maximal cardiac output is balanced with a decrease in peripheral resistance, the mean arterial blood pressure will
a. decrease
b. increase
c. remain the same
c. remain the same
The increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference is due to all of the following except
a. an increase in hemoglobin
b. an increase in capillaries in the muscle
c. all of these account for the increased a-vO2 difference
d. an increase in mitochondria in the muscle
a. an increase in hemoglobin
In order to achieve improvements in VO2 max, highly trained individuals may need to train at intensities of
a. 60-95% VO2 max
b. 50-85% VO2 max
c. 95-100% VO2 max
d. 40-70% VO2 max
c. 95-100% VO2 max
The majority of evidence demonstrates that resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy is the result of muscle fiber hyperplasia
T/F
false
Cross-sectional studies show that the cardiovascular variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max in the normal population is maximal
a. heart rate
b. stroke volume
c. arteriovenous O2 difference
d. systolic blood pressure
b. stroke volume
Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle?

a. overload
b. none of these
c. reversibility
d. specificity
d. specificity
The systematic process in which the volume and intensity of training are varied over time is
a. specificity
b. periodization
c. overload
d. afterload
b. periodization
The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in
a. sparing of blood glucose
b. decreased lactate formation
c. decreased utilization of muscle glycogen
d. all of these
d. all of these
In aerobic performances lasting 3 to 20 minutes, which of the following factors limits performance?
a. VO2 max
b. creatine phosphate depletion
c. availability of plasma FFA
d. availability of carbohydrate supplementation
a. VO2 max
Free radicals may promote muscle fatigue by
a. damaging contractile proteins and limiting the number of cross-bridges
b. none of the above; free radicals do not promote muscle fatigue
c. blocking action potential transmission across the neuromuscular junction
d. reducing ATP production
a. damaging contractile proteins and limiting the number of cross-bridges
In short-term performances (10-180 seconds) which of the following factors is the primary cause of fatigue?
a. hypoglycemia
b. depressed plasma FFA
c. muscle glycogen depletion
d. H+ accumulation
d. H+ accumulation
Which of the following has been shown to interfere with cross-bridge "cycling" during exercise?
a. an accumulation of ATP
b. an accumulation of H+
c. a decrease in Pi (inorganic phosphate)
d. a decrease in Na+
b. an accumulation of H+
Reaction time and skill would be most important for
a. a cross-country runner
b. a marathon runner
c. a sprinter competing in the 100-m dash
d. all of these
c. a sprinter competing in the 100-m dash
Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise is most important in performances lasting
a. 3 to 20 minutes
b. longer than 90 minutes
c. less than 10 seconds
d. 30 to 180 seconds
b. longer than 90 minutes
Running economy becomes an increasingly important determinant of success as the duration of the performance increases
T/F
true
At three minutes of all-out exercise, __________ of the ATP is derived from aerobic sources
a. 60%
b. 10%
c. 40%
d. 90%
a. 60%
A subject, with eyes closed, repeatedly contracts a muscle until fatigue occurs. When the eyes are opened, tension is restored. This experiment is a demonstration of fatigue being related to which of the following sites?

a. peripheral nervous system
b. mitochondria
c. muscle
d. central nervous system
d. central nervous system
What is the primary energy source in ultra short-term performances (less than 10 seconds)?
a. muscle glycogen
b. phosphocreatine
c. plasma FFA
d. blood glucose
b. phosphocreatine
Stretching prior to exercise has been shown to reduce the incidence of exercise-induced injury
T/F
false
Intervals aimed at specific improvement of the ATP-CP system should generally last _____ seconds
a. 30-60
b. 5-10
c. 90-180
d. at least 180
b. 5-10
Which of the following is not a general recommendation for strength training?
a. three days per week (to allow rest days)
b. >10 sets of each exercise
c. intensity of 8-12 RM
d. All of the above are part of the general recommendation for strength training
b. >10 sets of each exercise
A cool-down period following heavy exercise is probably very important in
a. allowing the individual to reduce brain blood flow back to normal
b. preventing heat stroke
c. preventing muscle cramps
d. returning "pooled" blood from the exercising skeletal muscle back to central circulation
d. returning "pooled" blood from the exercising skeletal muscle back to central circulation
The number of sets required for strength gains in untrained, beginning weightlifters is
a. three
b. ten or more
c. three to eight
d. one
d. one
The term overload, when used in conjunction with a sport conditioning program, means to
a. consume excess carbohydrates
b. overtrain or to exercise too much relative to the individual's capacity
c. injure or damage a muscle group
d. stress the system above a level to which it's accustomed
d. stress the system above a level to which it's accustomed
Decrease in performance, weight loss, chronic fatigue, increased infections, and psychological staleness are symptoms of
a. undertraining
b. failure to use sport-specific training
c. failure to taper
d. overtraining
d. overtraining
Ballistic stretching is thought to be superior to static stretching due to a decreased chance of muscle injury .
T/F
false
The type of resistance training that is least effective for improving strength in athletes is
a. isometric training
b. isotonic training using free weights
c. isotonic training using machines
d. isokinetic training
a. isometric training
Women involved in strength training programs do not gain strength as rapidly as men.
T/F
false
Sets found in the same folder