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LUOA 9th Grade Earth Science Final Exam Study

Terms in this set (621)

What are the 3 ways heat moves through the atmosphere?

Conduction, convection, and radiation

Which method of energy transfer does not require a medium?

Which type of heat energy moves through air, water, and magma?

____________________ is the transfer of energy through space by various forms of electromagnetic energy.

____________ _________ is/are responsible for the movement of air through the atmosphere contributing to weather patterns.

Convection currents

How does carbon dioxide get into our atmosphere? (Select all that apply)

-From life in the ocean
-From respiration by humans and animals
-Decomposition
-Volcanoes

Which of the following are greenhouse gases?

Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane

What is the most powerful substance to hold on to heat in the earth's atmosphere?

Which type of heat energy can pass through the vacuum of space?

The greenhouse effect occurs because visible light from the sun comes into our atmosphere and gets re-radiated as _____________________, causing heat to be trapped in the atmosphere.

infrared radiation

Freezing _________________ heat energy to the atmosphere.

Latent heat is when ________________________ (Choose 3)

-Energy is being released
-When there is no temperature change during a phase change
-Energy is being absorbed

What is the difference between vaporization and boiling?

Vaporization can occur when a liquid changes to a gas at any temperature where boiling has to be at the boiling point

If the dry bulb temperature is 6°C and the wet bulb temperature is 5°C, what is the dewpoint?

You swing a sling psychrometer and discover that the dry bulb temperature is 18°C and the wet bulb temperature is 16°C. What is the dewpoint?

Your friend swings the sling psychrometer and gives you two temperature readings. The readings are 18°C and 24°C. What is the dewpoint?

As the temperature decreases, ____________________.

The ability for the atmosphere to make room for water decreases

If air cools beyond its dew point and still does not condense, the air is said to be ______________.

What is the lowest energy state of water?

Water collects on dust, ash, salt, nitrate, etc. When water collects on these, they are known as:

Condensation nuclei

If the air is completely saturated on a cold night how will you feel?

Cold and clammy

Given the formula:
Relative humidity = Specific humidity/maximum capacity x 100% =

The maximum amount of water vapor air can contain at a particular temperature is 50 g per kilogram. If the air only contained (specific humidity) 10 g per kilogram, how much water vapor can it contain?

Which molecules in a puddle of water have the most kinetic energy?

on the surface of the puddle

Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air,

compared with the maximum amount of water vapor that the air can contain at that temperature

Density equals mass divided by volume. The vapor density equals the mass of water vapor divided by the ___________ of ___________.

volume; dry air

What dries your clothes on a clothesline?

Absolute humidity __________________ (select all that apply).

-The amount of water vapor, by mass, in each cubic unit of air
-Can be measured using several different types of mass ratios
-Is also known as the vapor density

The water vapor can enter the atmosphere because of _______________ . (Select all that apply)

-wind blowing over the surface of the water
-decreased pressure of water
-transpiration
-increased temperature of water
-evaporation

The maximum amount of water vapor air can contain at a particular temperature is 20 g per kilogram. If the air only contained 10 g per kilogram (specific humidity), how much water vapor can it contain? The formula is:
Relative humidity = Specific humidity/maximum capacity x 100% =

For every ________ increase in temperature, twice as much water vapor can enter the atmosphere through evaporation.

What is one relationship between warm air and humidity?

Warm air expands, so there is a lot of room for moisture

Cold air does not contain much moisture. Choose all the reasons for this.

-Cold air contracts so there is no room for the moisture
-Cold air is very dense
-The molecules of cold air squeezed closer together

You swing a sling psychrometer and discover that the dry bulb temperature is 18°C and the wet bulb temperature is 18°C. What is the relative humidity?

What happens when the air temperature and the dewpoint are very far apart?

The air is very dry

You swing a sling psychrometer and discover that the dry bulb temperature is 25°C and the wet bulb temperature is 18°C. What is the relative humidity?

If the water vapor stays the same, when the temperature __________________, relative humidity ____________________. This is called a(n) _______________ relationship.

Decreases, increases, inverse

The amount of moisture In the air at a certain temperature is the ___________

relative humidity

____________ air contains more water vapor while _____________ air contains less water vapor.

In order to find the relative humidity, 1st you take the __________ between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures. ___________ the smaller number from/to the larger number. Then find the ___________. Use the dewpoint to find the _________ humidity.

difference, subtract, dewpoint, relative

What happens when the air temperature and the dewpoint is the same? (Choose 2)

-precipitation will occur
-the air is saturated

Using the following formula:

LCL = ground temperature - dewpoint temperature x 100 meters divided by 0.8°C or

LCL = ground temperature - dewpoint temperature x 100 meters

0.8°C

(the rate at which the ground temperature gets closer to the dewpoint temperature)

Simplified

LCL = GT-DT x 100 m

0.8°C

What is the Lifted Condensation Level if the Air temperature is 28°C and the Dewpoint Temperature is 16°C?

Cloud greenhouse forcing _____________________________.

can cause the temperature to increase

At what temperature do clouds contain snow and ice crystals?

-18°C to -20°C

Using the following formula:

LCL = ground temperature - dewpoint temperature x 100 meters all divided by 0.8 °C

LCL = ground temperature - dewpoint temperature x 100 meters

0.8°C

(the rate at which the ground temperature gets closer to the dewpoint temperature)

Simplified

LCL = GT-DT x 100 m

0.8°C

What is the Lifted Condensation Level if the Air temperature is 22°C and the Dewpoint Temperature is 16°C

Higher clouds have more of an effect than low clouds. They let ________ energy in, but do not give off a lot of heat because they are very _______ themselves.

Cloud albedo forcing ___________________. (Choose 3)

-can cause a change in the climate of the earth
-bounces shortwave radiation back into space
-cools the earth

Unstable air masses that are underneath cooler air can cause _______________.

What is the lifted condensation level?

The height at which the dew point equals the surrounding temperature

How easily an air mass keeps from rising is called its ___________________.

Where on a cloud is where the temperature has reached its dew point?

on the bottom of the cloud

______________ clouds are formed by weak convection currents that are weaker than the ones forming the vertical forming cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds. They do not usually bring precipitation. This is a description of:

Cumuliform clouds __________________________.

pile in heaps vertically

The high-level clouds include: (Select all that apply)

-Cirrocumulus
-Cirrostratus
-Cirrus

Ground fog is also known as _______________________________.

The prefix fract is Latin for ___________________.

Flatter clouds that form in layers due to horizontal movement are ______________ clouds.

Advection fogs are caused by _________________________.

Wind blowing warm, moist air over a cold surface

When the Gulf Stream brings in warm, moist air over the Labrador current, what kind of cloud or fog forms?

Low level clouds include: (Select all that apply)

-Nimbostratus
-Stratocumulus
-Stratus

Mid-level clouds include: (Select all that apply)

-Altocumulus
-Lenticular
-Altostratus

Given: As the air sinks it will warm 1°C/100 m (10°C/km or 5.5°F/1000 ft)

Air warms 4 km. It is -22°C at its current level. What will the temperature be after it sinks?

Given: Saturated air changes temperature by 0.5°C/100 m.

The air is completely saturated at the dewpoint. The dewpoint has been reached and the temperature is 8°C. The air continues to rise another 1200 m. What is the final temperature?

Which type of cloud has an anvil-like top and generally produces precipitation?

Given: Saturated air changes temperature by 0.5°C/100 m.

The air is completely saturated at the dewpoint. The dewpoint has been reached and the temperature is 2°C. The air continues to rise another 1400 m. What is the final temperature?

Given: Saturated air changes temperature by 0.5°C/100 m.

The air is completely saturated at the dewpoint. The dewpoint has been reached and the temperature is 12°C. The air continues to rise another 1000 m. What is the final temperature?

Given: Saturated air changes temperature by 0.5°C/100 m.

The air is completely saturated at the dewpoint. The dewpoint has been reached and the temperature is 6°C. The air continues to rise another 800 m. What is the final temperature?

Fair weather Cumulus clouds ________________________.

Are flat bottom and look like cotton

Given: As the air sinks it will warm 1°C/100 m (10°C/km or 5.5°F/1000 ft)

Air warms 3 km. It is -10°C at its current level. What will the temperature be after it sinks?

Given: The dry air adiabatic lapse rate for rising air 1°C/100 m or 1°C/328 ft (10°C/km, 5.5°F/1000 ft)

Air rises 3600 m. It is 17°C at its current level. What will the temperature be after it rises?

Latent heat is released as the cloud rises ______________ the air.

Cloud Lab - Upload the charts here

What is the classification letter symbol for altocumulus? (Use the proper capitalization and lowercase).

Which type of cloud can reach from low-level to the top of the troposphere? (Do NOT capitalize or it will be marked wrong).

What type of cloud is mistaken for a UFO because of its shape?

Which clouds bring severe, intense weather and precipitation?

Name a high level cloud.

What type of cloud is named after it wispy curl of hair?

What is the proper classification letter symbol for nimbostratus clouds? Use the proper capitalization and lowercase.

Aggregation can begin to form which type of precipitation?

Clouds may contain all of the following except ______________________________.

The main forms of precipitation include all of the following except_________________________.

Rain drops are _________________________.

___________ raindrops fall faster than ___________ raindrops.

Larger; smaller

When cloud droplets merge to form larger droplets, it is called ________________.

Hailstones get bigger by ____________________.

moving up and down in the clouds

Heavy drizzle can reduce _______________ because the droplets are small and close together.

Rain drops are _______________________.

10 to 1000 times bigger than cloud droplets

Supercooled droplets are made up of water that ___________________.

is just below freezing

The average pH of acid rain is between _____________ but it has been as low as between ____________.

5 and 6, 2 and 3

What has killed entire sections of vegetation and disrupted ecosystems?

Low pH from acid rain

Very little precipitation falls in all of the following places except

the windward side of mountains

The greatest annual rainfall is located __________________________.

In the equatorial regions and on the Windward side of mountains

Gypsum crystals, formed from a reaction of acid rain with the calcite in buildings, turn ________________ from dirt and soot getting stuck. When the dirt and soot falls off it shows the ___________ building underneath.

Black; corroded

How does the US weather service measure snow? (Choose 3)

-satellites
-melt it and measure in inches
-measure with a measuring stick and melt it and measure in inches

The wind ________________________ due to orographic lifting. (Choose 3)

-sinks and blows down the mountain on the leeward side
-blows from the windward side of a mountain toward the leeward side
-rises, condenses as it cools on the windward side

The leeward side of mountains gets _______________________________.

very little precipitation

Most of acid rain is being prevented by most of the countries by __________________.

reducing the emissions from factories

An instrument used to measure rain is a(an) ____________________.

During a time of high atmospheric pressure __________________ . (Select all that apply)

-it forms an anticyclone
-the weather is good
-the air density is high
-the temperature is cooler

How does the air pressure change with an increase in altitude?

air pressure decreases as you go up a hill and a mountain

What 3 factors affect air pressure?

temperature; altitude; water vapor

The hotter the atmosphere, the more the air _______________ . The cooler the atmosphere the more the air _______________.

expands, contracts

Why is moist air lighter than dry air?

dry air contains 2 Oxygen atoms which is heavier than an Oxygen and two Hydrogens

What are the 2 different types of barometers?

mercury; aneroid

What do isobars that are very close together tell you?

that there is a large pressure change, possibly showing a weather system

Isolines that connect equal points of pressure are called ___________ .

During a time of low atmospheric pressure __________________ . (Select all that apply)

-air density is low
-air converges
-the temperature is warm
-air rises
-weather is lousy

Low-pressure air flows in a ____________ direction, and high-pressure air flows in a ____________ direction.

counterclockwise; clockwise

When there is a lot of water vapor in the air_________________________.

the density and the air pressure decreases

What type of weather should the Midwest part of the United States be experiencing?

The Midwest will have less precipitation. It will most likely be cool with clear skies.

California is the long, most southern state on the West Coast of the United States. Which way is the wind blowing in California?

The wind should be blowing clockwise around the area of high pressure, which should make the wind in California blow from south to north.

Which direction is the wind blowing in the majority of the middle of the United States?

In the majority of the middle of the United States the wind is blowing from the north to the south.

Which side of the United States is experiencing clear, beautiful skies?

The left or the western side of the United States is experiencing clear, beautiful skies.

In which direction is the wind blowing on the eastern coast of the United States?

On the eastern cost of the United States, the wind is blowing from the south to the north.

Which side of the United States is experiencing rain?

What type of clouds should you find in the middle-eastern part of the United States during this time represented by the map?

What type of air mass is located around the low?

What type of air mass is located around the high?

What type of weather should the middle-eastern part of the United States be experiencing?

Upload your finished Map here.

A rocket takes off from New York. It is headed to Florida. If the people who launch it do not make the proper adjustments, where will it land? Answer in 3-5 sentences. (Use compass directions and left or right to explain)

If the plane takes off in New York and is headed towards Florida, you have to have the correct calculations in order to go straight to Florida. New York is North, and Florida is South. If the plane were to just travel straight the whole way it would land in the ocean. If the plane were to travel to the left, then you would most likely land in Florida, because of the earth's rotation is going to the right. Basically, I think that if the earth rotates to the right, then the plane should start to fly to the left.

Between 30° North and 30° South, the winds blow towards ___________________.

The Coriolis effect is lessened with surface winds because of ____________________.

Wind blows from 30° South latitude towards 0° latitude by _________________.

curving to the left

The Coriolis effect affects the way storms ______________

The wind appears to curve due to _____________________.

the earth's rotation

Air wants to flow from high pressure to low pressure. Because of the Coriolis effect wind will blow to ___________________________.

the right in the northern hemisphere

On earth, all free moving objects, including air masses, are subject to the __________________. (Select all that apply)

-being deflected
-curving to the right in the northern hemisphere
-curving to the left in the southern hemisphere
-Coriolis effect

Air wants to flow from high pressure to low pressure. Because of the Coriolis effect wind will blow to __________________.

to the left in the southern hemisphere

Wind curves to the right from 30 degrees north as it moves towards the low-pressure of ___________________________.

During summer time, a ________ can occur, bringing large amounts of precipitation.

In the video "Understanding the Jet Stream", What causes the jet stream in the Northern Hemisphere to weaken?

warming over the Artic

The _______________ is a river of fast-moving air high up over the troposphere.

A mountain breeze occurs __________________.

during the night

A Hadley cell is ________________________.

convection cell that circles the earth between 0° and 30°

Local winds include: (Select 4 options)

Sea Breeze,
Land Breeze,
Valley Breeze,
Mountain Breeze

Which way does the jet stream blow in the northern hemisphere?

from west to east

In the video on air circulation, it tells you that the windiest place on the Earth is _________________________.

________________ winds occur when the warm land creates an area of low pressure in the summer.

A valley breeze occurs __________________.

when warm air rises from the mountain slopes

If an air mass was to undergo an air mass modification it would have to ____________________.

stall or slow over a new air mass

The original characteristics of an air mass are determined by __________________________.

the source area where it formed

A warm, humid air mass moves over the middle-south over the United States. Where did it likely originate?

the gulf of mexico

What symbol would you find on the weather map that would label an air mass that is cold and humid?

Maritime tropical air mass moves in over cold land. It is very far from its source region. it changes characteristics _______________________________.

due to air mass modification

What symbol would you find on the weather map that would label an air mass that is warm and dry?

An air mass that would warm off the East Coast of Canada would be characterized as a ___________________________.

maritime polar air mass

White or light colors _____________ heat.

A very cold air mass that is the same as a Continental air mass is ________________________.

an Arctic air mass

Black _____________ heat and ________________ it back.

absorbs and radiates

The winds blow in opposite directions ___________________________.

at a stationary front

What is the pressure like during an occluded front?

Which front has clear skies after it passes?

Cold fronts have what kind of slopes?

What type of weather is sometimes associated with the front of a cold front?

If the stationary front stays in one place too long ________________________.

flooding may occur

Why do clouds form in front of the cold air front?

cold air slides under warmer air causing unstable conditions

Warm fronts have what kind of slope?

On a humid day, what type of front do you want to come?

Explain the difference, in at least 3 characteristics, between a cold front and a warm front.

Cold front:
Cold fronts move in and out quickly,
Cold fronts come in as the warmer air masses are leaving,
A cold front usually occurs at the end of fall and winter

Warm front: Warm air masses push the cold air out of the way, but the cold air just basically sinks making the warm air pass over top,
Warm fronts may stay in the same place for several days

An occluded front ______________________________.

is where a cold front catches up to a warm front

Low-pressure systems are associated with what type of weather?

Pressure systems that form around the high are also known as __________________.

Wind in the northern hemisphere flows in a __________________ direction around and out of a high-pressure system.

Air ________ in a low-pressure system to the upper atmosphere. It cools and flows to the ________ pressure area and ________ to the earth's surface. It warms then flows across the earth's surface the ______ pressure system.

rises high sinks low

What are the elongated troughs associated with? ___________________ pressure.

Airflow in the upper atmosphere ___________________.

controls how weak or strong a low-pressure system will be

What are the elongated ridges associated with? ___________________ pressure.

Wind in the northern hemisphere flows in a __________________ direction around and into a low-pressure system.

counter clockwise

The path of a cyclonic storm ___________________.

is directed by the air flow in the upper troposphere

Waves cyclones occur as _____________________.

mid-latitude low-pressure systems

Computer Model Simulations are used for understanding and predicting which kinds of weather forecasting?

long-term weather changes

Meteorologists use which methods to predict long- range weather forecasting? (Select all that apply)

Calling on other countries to coordinate with their data collections
Computer model simulations
Taking info from airplanes crossing through the atmosphere

Radiosondes collect data including ________________. (Select all that apply)

direction
wind speed
temperature
atmospheric pressure
humidity

Where do you find Radiosondes?

attached to weather balloons

Surface analysis includes all of the following except?

the direction that birds fly

What is Computer Model Forecasting?

atmospheric simulations done by a computer

What is the name of weather satellites that monitors the Western hemisphere?

What are three of the major purposes of long-term weather tracking? (Choose 3)

To prepare for emergencies
To help save property and livestock
To plan events such as the Presidential Inaugural address on the Capital lawn

Meteorologists use all of the following technologies to gather data except?

voyager spacecraft

How can meteorologists predict short - term weather forecasts?

By tracking changes in air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind direction, radar of clouds, satellite observations

In the station model below, what was the barometric pressure reading 3 hours ago?

-PICTURE-

In the station model below, what is the cloud cover?

-PICTURE-

completely overcast

In the station model below, what is the wind speed?

-PICTURE-

In the station model below, what is the dewpoint temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?

-PICTURE-

In the station model below, what is the temperature?

-PICTURE-

In the station model below, what is the barometric pressure?

-PICTURE-

In the station model below, what is the visibility?

-PICTURE-

In the station model below, what is the present weather?

-PICTURE-

A current that pushes ahead of a hurricane, typhoon, or cyclone that causes high tides and flooding is called _______________.

Tropical cyclonic storms originate between ________________.

5° and 30° latitude

Tropical storms have greater wind speeds than a tropical depression but less than a hurricane. They also have __________.

more rainfall than a tropical depression

What is the strongest type of tropical cyclonic storms and where are they located?

Super Typhoon, 100° and 180° E in the Western Pacific

Cyclonic storms rotate __________________ in the northern hemisphere and _________________ in the southern hemisphere.

counter clockwise
clockwise

The strongest tropical cyclonic storm to hit land in recorded history was __________________________________.

Super Typhoon Haiyan AKA Typhoon Yolonda

What was the name of the largest diameter storm in the Atlantic?

Super Storm Sandy

Cyclonic storms originate over _______ water (at least ____ degrees F) that is very _________.

In order to form a tropical cyclone, there are several factors that must exist. These include all of the following except ____________________________________.

the weather starts out as beautiful and clear

Describe the difference between hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones. Include where they are found.

Hurricanes are found in the Atlantic and the northeastern pacific. They are low pressure storms that begin in the eastern part of the North Atlantic with wind speed of 74mph or greater. Typhoons are found in the northwest Pacific, north of the equator. They develop between 100° and 180° E, in the western part of the Pacific. Typhoons are tropical cyclone storms, which are exactly the same as hurricanes. The only difference is their location and who is tracking it. Just as with hurricanes, intensity is measured by the strength of the wind. Cyclones are found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, south of the equator. Except for their location, they are the same type of tropical cyclonic storm as hurricanes and typhoons. Because of their location in the southern hemisphere, the Coriolis Effect causes them to rotate clockwise.

What is the eye wall of a cyclonic storm?

where the strongest bands of wind are located

Tropical cyclonic storms begin as _________________________________.

tropical depressions

Down bursts can cause similar damage to a tornado because _________________.

cold air falls rapidly down through the thunderstorm

Streamers are the ________________.

upward moving positively charged ions

Severe, long-lasting thunderstorms are sometimes called _______________.

A severe thunderstorm has one of 3 characteristics. One of them is (a) _______________ (one general word)

When you see a normal, mature, thunderstorm approaching, what is really happening?

The unstable air mass has ceased rising at the top of the stratosphere

During a lightning strike the _______ ions move towards the ground and the ________ ions move towards the clouds.

negative and positive

Step leaders are the ________________ moving towards the ground.

The friction of the updrafts and the downdrafts in a severe thunderstorm produces ___________ ____________ (2 words)

static electricity

When the lightening discharges, the air around gets hot and begins to expand. This causes ____________________.

During the dissipation stage of thunderstorm development ___________________________. (Select all that apply)

-Downdrafts are stronger than updrafts
-The intensity of the storm at ground level weakens
-Rain cools the air

Which of the following contributes to thunderstorm development?

Humidity begins to increase causing the air mass to become unstable

Most tornadoes range between ________________ in diameter.

300 feet to 1 mile

Lake effect snow is caused by _________________.

moisture being picked up over lakes and deposited on the shore as snow

How can tornadoes be detected? (Choose 2)

-By doppler radar
-By observing updrafts, instability, and wind shear

How are tornadoes able to pick up large objects?

because of its rotating center with extremely low pressure

Why are blizzards so dangerous?

all of the answers are correct

When does the funnel cloud become a tornado?

when the funnel cloud touches the ground

Nor'easter's can take on the characteristics of __________________________.

tropical, low- pressure cyclonic systems

Where do most tornadoes originate?

In the Mississippi River Valley of the United States

What are the factors a blizzard must have to be considered a blizzard? (Choose 3)

-the wind must blow so hard it reduces visibility
-temperature less than -7°C (19.4°F)
-low-pressure storm systems

Where do tornadoes come from? (Choose 3)

-Supercells of a severe thunderstorm
-cumulonimbus clouds
-when a mesocyclone forms in a thunderstorm and touches down

How many tornadoes hit the United States every year?

Between what latitudes are most of the world's deserts?

20° and 35° north and 20° and 35° south

Which of these IS a factor is describing the climate of a region?

distance from the ocean

What is the difference between climate and weather?

Climate is long term averages of temperature, rainfall, winds etc.and weather is short term

What are 2 factors that determine the average annual precipitation in the west coast state of Washington in the USA?

Mountains and the prevailing west winds

What kind of climate does a city that is located in a coastal region have?

What are 2 factors lead to changes in climate?

temperature and air masses

Two cities with a mountain range in between are at the same latitude. One city is located on the coast. Why do they have different climates? (You may use a map)

one gets no rainfall and one gets tons of rainfall

Climate is the long term, 30 year average, all of the following factors except___________.

pressure on a given day

Explain how two cities in the same latitude have the same average annual rainfall but they have completely different climates?

I think that if they have the same rainfall and are on the same latitude but different climates they will totally have different climates. First of all, if city number one is near the ocean then it will experience less extreme weather changes and temperature. But, the second city, if it's in the mountains, the greater the elevation, the colder the air is.

Why is the water colder on the Southwest coast of the USA yet the Northeast coast has warmer water?

The California current comes down from the Arctic while the Gulfstream brings warm water from the Carribean

A place where evaporation exceeds precipitation. (Choose 2)

semi-arid climate
arid climate

A climate zone that is found around Italy and Greece is a ____________________ climate characterized by hot,dry summers and mild, rainy winters.

Marine West Coast Climates have _______________________.

rainy mild weather year round

Climatologists collect incredible amounts of data. when they put all of this data together to show what they have observed, they use ____________________________.

Tropical wet and dry climates have _________________.

What German scientist divided climate areas based on vegetation, rainfall, and temperature?

Vladimir Koppen

Why are polar climates very cold?

Well, there are several reasons. First of all, there is no sun for six months and the temperatures are also 10 degrees or less all year. Second, polar climates are most likely going to be found in the Artic and in Antartica zones. And lastly, when the sun is shining, because the earth's poles aren't in the middle, the sun is really low. In that way, there is no insulation and what little insulation that there is, is reflected back to space.

You visit your cousin in the city by a huge lake. You only live 10 miles away. At your house, it is a nice, clear summer day. When you get to the city you find it is about 10° hotter and more humid. this is due to the ___________________________.

heat island effect

A humid tropical wet climate ____________________________.

is hot and very rainy most of the year

A mountain has an area of depression on the side of the mountain facing the sun. This depression gets warmer than the rest of the mountain. It is also more humid because of the lake water evaporating. This is an example of ______________________.

Which sources are factors in global cooling? (Choose 2)

-La Nina events
-volcanic ash

During normal conditions in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean ___________________. (Select all that apply)

-cold water is uplifted by upwelling
-warm water is pushed away from South America
-tradewinds blow from east to west

Scientists believe that __________________ caused the "Little Ice Age" in Europe in the Middle Ages.

decreased amount of sunspots

What was the pre-cursor to the big El Niño that occurred in 1997 that scientists are monitoring today?

sea surface heights and temperatures

What type of climate will be the US have during an El Niño event?

Global cooling occurs when ___________________.

the amount of insolation coming in is less than the amount of heat energy radiated back into space

Short-term global ocean surface cooling is called ___________________________.

Sulfur dioxide from volcanoes mixes with water vapor causing sulfuric acid which ______________ heat back into space.

Milankovitch cycles include: _________________________. (Select all that apply)

-a cyclical wobble of the earth on its axis
-a cyclical change in the Earth's eccentricity
-a cyclical change in the tilt of the earth's axis

During El Niño, the Tradewinds weaken and warm water piles up ______________.

on the south east side of the Pacific

What is formed when magma chamber empties and collapses?

When molten rocks flows through a crack the Earth's surface it is called a _____________________.

Composite volcanoes ___________________________.

-layers of lava alternate with volcanic fragments
-erupt violently and are very dangerous
-contain a large amount of silica, water, and gases
-are larger than cinder cone volcanoes

The largest volcano in the solar system is __________________________, which is a ___________________ volcano.

Olympus Mons, shield

Cinder Cone volcanoes ________________________. (Select all that apply)

-are small
-have andesitic magma
-are very explosive
-may become shield volcanoes

The largest type of volcano is a ________.

Which volcano erupted violently in 1980, in Washington state?

Mount Saint Helens

A shield volcano ________________________________.

All of the answers are correct

Which volcano has continuously erupted since the early 1980s?

A volcano that has not erupted in the last 10,000 years is said to be ___________________.

Basaltic magma _____________________ (Select all that apply - You may use charts)

is found in Hawaii
is mafic
has low viscosity
has 50% silica
is found in the mid-Atlantic Ridge
is 1100 to 1200°

What is the difference between basaltic magma and rhyolitic magma? List at least 3 characteristics for each.

Basaltic Magma: Is primarily made up of basalt which is found deep within the earth. Also, this type of magma tends to flow from shield volcanos, spatter cones, and scoria cones. This is the hottest type of magma flow. Rhyolitic Magma: Has a high silica content. Very thick magma. This magma is very vicious type of lava and can doesn't really flow that fast.

Mauna Loa ________________________. (Select all that apply)

is the world's largest active volcano
flows at about 16 km/h
is composed of basaltic magma
is found in Hawaii
is a shield volcano

What type of viscosity does a Hawaiian Fire Fountain have?

Gas content of _____________ causes very mild eruptions. (You may use charts)

Violent, catastrophic eruptions are typical of _____________________. (Select all that apply - You may use charts)

very high gas content
very high silica content magma
rhyolitic magma
low-temperature magma

Andesitic magma is found in ___________________. (You may use charts)

oceanic crust at subduction zones

Which gases would be found in magma? (Select all that apply)

hydrogen sulfide
sulfur dioxide
oxygen
carbon dioxide

Rhyolitic magma contains _________________________________. (You may use charts)

>70% silica, 4-6% gases

The volcanoes in Hawaii are examples of ________________________. (Select all that apply)

basaltic magma
low viscosity magma
mafic composition

Bombs are ______________________.

large pieces of lava that solidify before hitting the ground

Ash is _____________________________.

smaller than 2 mm in diameter

Gas content of _____________ causes violent, explosive eruptions. (You may use your charts)

Mount Saint Helens is an example of __________________ (Choose 3)

-intermediate composition
-intermediate explosiveness
-andesitic magma

Which of these do not affect the viscosity of magma?

A _____________ is caused by magma pushing its way vertically or diagonally through rock layers.

The type of igneous rocks found in dikes are ____________ due to the slow cooling under the earth.

coarse- grained

Contact metamorphism results in all of the following except __________________.

small, glassy crystals are formed

An igneous intrusions squeezes between rock layers and looks like a mushroom. It is a(an) _____________________________.

When magma intrudes in horizontal rock layers, forming a large sheet sandwiched in between, it forms a _______________.

You come upon a huge, domed shaped rock that was evidently revealed by erosion. This rock was most likely a __________________.

Large igneous intrusions that are bigger than 100 km² are known as _____________.

A sill can be identified from other rock layers ____________________________.

because a sill has contact metamorphism on both the top and the bottom

Large rocks sometimes break off and get lodged in magma. This is a(an) _________________, which can be affected by ____________________________.

xenolith, contact metamorphism

Most batholiths are composed of ________________________.

Glossopteris was a temperate climate leaf fossil. He found it in Antarctica. How could this be?

Because that fossil was supposed to have been in a temperate climate near the equator but instead was in Antartica, meaning that the continents have moved since the beginning of time.

Alfred Wegener discovered rocks in the Appalachian Mountains matched rocks in _______________________.

Europe and Greenland

Originally, Wegener's hypothesis that the continents float and are constantly moving on the surface of the Earth was called ________________.

continental drift

Pangaea means ________________.

According to the Pangaea model which four continents fit together?

Australia, Africa, India, and South America

What did Alfred Wegener find in Africa, India, South America, Australia, that showed him that they were all covered by ice at one time?

glacial striations

Originally, scientists of Alfred Wegener laughed at him because there was no way the continents could crash through the surface of the Earth to move. What do we know now that changed the view of scientists to accept the Continental Drift Theory?

Different fossils have been found to prove that parts of other continents should be together. For example, the mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile was found Northwest part of South America and also the Southeastern part of Africa.

The name of the continent first described by Alfred Wegener was called _______________.

Mesosaurus was a freshwater reptile whose fossil was found in the Northwest part of South America and _________________ . this allowed Alfred Wegener to use this as scientific proof of his Continental drift theory.

the southeast part of Africa

Alfred Wegener proposed his idea of continental drift which later became _____________.

the theory of plate tectonics

Why didn't scientists in 1912 take Alfred Wegener seriously? (Choose 3)

-because there was no way the continents could plow through the ocean basin
-because they didn't know of any power strong enough to push the continents
-because he wasn't a geologist

"Slip, Slide, Collide"

What forms at the collision boundary of a continental plate and a continental plate?

A collision between two continental plates crunches and folds the rock at the boundary, lifting it up and leading to the formation of mountains and mountain ranges.

"Plates and Boundaries"

Which type of plate is the thickest?

Continental crust is thicker.

"Plates and Boundaries"

What is the name of the type of crust that is found under the ocean?

What is the name of the type of crust that is found under the land masses?

The type of crust found under the ocean is called oceanic. The type of crust found under land masses is called continental crust.

"Plates and Boundaries"

What types of boundaries move toward each other? Give an example.

A convergent boundary occurs where two plates are pushing toward each other. An example is the boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate at the Himalayas.

"Slip, Slide, Collide"

When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, what happens? (Use the technical term in your explanation)

At some convergent boundaries, an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate. Oceanic crust tends to be denser and thinner than continental crust, so the denser oceanic crust gets bent and pulled under, or subducted, beneath the lighter and thicker continental crust. This forms what is called a subduction zone.

"Slip, Slide, Collide"

What forms at the collision boundary of an oceanic plate and a continental plate?

As the oceanic crust sinks, a deep oceanic trench, or valley, is formed at the edge of the continent. The crust continues to be forced deeper into the earth, where high heat and pressure cause trapped water and other gasses to be released from it. This, in turn, makes the base of the crust melt, forming magma.

"Slip, Slide, Collide"

What is formed when 2 oceanic plates pull apart, or diverge?

When two continental plates diverge, a valleylike rift develops.

"Slip, Slide, Collide"

When a continental plate collides with another continental plate, what happens? (Use the technical term in your explanation)

A collision between two continental plates crunches and folds the rock at the boundary, lifting it up and leading to the formation of mountains and mountain ranges. This is at a collision zone.

"Plates and Boundaries"

What types of boundaries slide past each other? Give an example.

A transform boundary occurs where two plates slide past each other. An example is the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Australian Plate, crossing New Zealand.

Transform boundaries ____________________.

cause the plates to slide past each other

Fracture zones are where _______________________.

cracks run perpendicular to a rift

Name the plates and the type of boundary associated with the San Andreas Fault in California.

the Pacific plate, North American plate, transform boundary

Continental crust is made up of _____________________ and it is _______________ compared to oceanic plates.

granite, less dense

Which is the best explanation for the movement of the plates?

convection currents in the mantle

The crust of the earth sits on top of _______________________.

the lithosphere

Divergent boundaries are where two oceanic crusts _____________________.

are pulling away from each other

According to plate tectonics, when a ridge forms with a rift valley, new crust is formed _____________________.

on each side of the ridge equally

Which feature is usually found where oceanic crust converges with continental crust?

Where are there a lot of earthquakes and volcanoes?

Seafloor spreading is the theory that new ocean crust is formed at ___________________ boundaries and destroyed at ________________ boundaries.

divergent, subduction

The ridge is the hottest part of the oceanic plate and the other side of the plate is the coolest. The heaviest side of a plate is ______________. (Choose 2)

the subduction zone
the pulling slab

The basaltic oceanic crust ________________.

sub ducts under the granite continental crust

Scientists discovered that the ocean bottoms ____________________. (Choose 3)

mountains
trenches
valleys

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the _______________ are two places where divergent boundaries occur.

East Pacific Rise

When the iron-bearing rocks align themselves with the South Pole it is known as _______________. (Choose the BEST answer)

reverse polarity

When we are talking about seafloor spreading, what is the pushing ridge and the pulling slab?

The pushing ridge is when magma pushes its way up into the lithosphere and causes underwater sub-oceanic volcanoes. The pulling slab is when the heaviest part of the lithospheric plate is so heavy it starts to sink into the ocean floor.

The earth's ____________ is solid made up mostly of iron. The earth's __________________ is molten made mostly of iron and nickel which gives it its magnetism. The semi-solid ________________ is found underneath the solid lithosphere.

inner core, and outer core, the asthenosphere

The cooling of basaltic magma allows ____________________ to orient itself towards the magnetic North Pole.

minerals such as magnetite

During WWII a US Navy seaman, who happened to be a geologist, used sonar __________________.

and discovered there were mountains and valleys in the bottom of the ocean

In mantle convection, the molten asthenosphere rises towards the plates, ______________________.

and diverges pushing the plates apart

A shear, or S-wave, moves ___________.

from side to side, like a snake

A reverse fault is also known as _____________________.

What happens when the P waves and the S waves reach the earth's core?

P waves move through the core and S waves do not

A P-wave, or primary wave, _________________. (Choose 3)

-is a compression wave
-moves front to back
-is the first wave to arrive

Compressional stress is associated with which type of boundary?

Convergent Boundary

Shear stress is associated with which type of boundary?

transform boundary

What is the relationship between the P waves and the S waves and their travel times? (Choose 2)

-P waves arrive fast and S waves arrive slow so there is a bigger gap as time increases
-P waves arrive 1st and they are quick

Tensional stress is associated with which type of plate boundary?

divergent boundary

Rayleigh waves _______________.

radiate from the epicenter

When a plate wants to move it may get stuck due to friction and then snaps forward like a rubber band, and back into shape. This is called the ___________.

Elastic Rebound Theory

The depth of focus of an earthquake is where the _____________________.

rocks began to break, somewhere around 0 to 700 km below the earth's surface

Which wave arrives at the seismograph station first?

There are 3 different seismographs. They are: ___________________.

one that records the up and down direction, one that records the north to south direction, one that records the East to West direction

At least how many stations are required to pinpoint the epicenter of an earthquake?

A seismograph _______________________.

measures the vibrations of an earthquake as the plates shift

The _________________________ measures the amount of energy released in an earthquake.

The last earthquake waves to arrive are the _______________________.

L waves or surface waves

Seismograph stations are used _____________________.

to find the epicenter of an earthquake

Scientists can tell from the zigzag pattern on a seismograph __________________________.

what type of wave and how much energy it released

On a seismogram, ______________________.

the horizontal scale shows the time in minutes and the vertical scale shows the distance from the epicenter

What do P waves do when they hit the earth's liquid interior layer?

they bend as they go through

S waves ________________ (Choose 3)

-do not go through a liquid
-cannot travel through the inner core
-are not found in the shadow zone

P waves can get refracted ____________________.

as many as 2 or 3 times

Explain how scientists have determined that the earth's outer core must be liquid.

They figured that out because S waves can't go through a liquid, but the P waves can.

Who discovered the transition between the crust and mantle?

Andrija Mohorovicic

The earth's crust is made up of __________________________.

a granitic continental crust and a basaltic oceanic crust

Scientists believe the Earth's inner core is made of ______________________.

metal like meteorites to generate a magnetic field

The _______________ is under great pressure and has a high temperature. It is also very dense.

transition zone of the lower mantle

What is the MOHO? (Select all that apply)

- The boundary between the crust in the mantle
- Mohorovicic Discontinuity
- A denser area of material in the Earth's interior
- An area where seismic waves moved faster

The asthenosphere is the partially melted part of the mantle.

The velocity of the P and S waves change as they hit the asthenosphere

In the P-wave shadow zone ___________________. (Choose 3)

-S waves do not penetrate
-earthquakes are not recorded
-P waves are not found

In which area has the biggest risk of earthquakes in the US?

Sanandreas Fault

When the land sinks it is known as ___________________.

The type of fault in Izmit, Turkey, is the same as the San Andreas Fault in California. What type of fault was it that caused all that damage? (Choose 2)

-Strike slip fault
-transform

All of the following are hazards from earthquakes except ______________________.

_____________________ come after the initial earthquake. There can be as many as 1000. (Choose the BEST answer)

Which country is least likely to experience a devastating earthquake? (You may use the Earthquake map - http://ds.iris.edu/seismon/)

The third largest earthquake from 1900 - 2004 occurred in _____________________. It triggered a tsunami that killed over _________________ people worldwide.

Sumatra, 200,000

In 1999, in Izmit Turkey, an earthquake destroyed a large number of buildings. What was the reason for this?

they didn't enforce their building codes properly

What type of seismic movements destroy buildings the most?

side to side movements

In liquefaction the soil begins to _______________.

Data Chart

Seismic Wave Travel
Station Difference Arrival Times (min and sec) Distance From the Epicenter (Km)
A
B
C
D
E

Seismic Wave Travel
Station Difference Arrival Times (min and sec) Distance From the Epicenter (Km)
A 2m 15s 1000km
B 3m 00s 1500km
C 3m 40s 2000km
D 4m 55s 2500km
E 5m 15s 3000km

Look at a map of the United States. Where was your earthquake located? Name the state and the compass direction.

Mississippi South

Why is it that the further away from the epicenter of the earthquake the arrival times of the P and S waves get further apart?

This is the case because p waves travel faster than s waves, the further away the epicenter, the wider the gap between the p waves and the s waves.

List your 2 works cited in MLA format in this box

"Earthquake Epicenter." Kids Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2017.

Endsley, Kevin. "How Do I Locate That Earthquake's Epicenter?" UPSeis. N.p., 2007. Web. 24 Jan. 2017.

What is it called when you use several station locations to find the epicenter of the earthquake? ___________.

Subtracting the Primary wave (P-Wave) from the Secondary wave (S-Wave)

An earthquake hits Manilla, in the Philippines. The P-Wave reaches Tokyo, Japan at 6:20:45 pm. The S-Wave reaches Tokyo, Japan at 6:25:40 pm. What is the difference in the arrival times? __________________

PUT THE ANSWER IN THE SAME FORMAT YOU USED IN THE DATA CHART OR IT WILL BE WRONG!

Transform boundaries ____________________.

cause the plates to slide past each other

The divider where the continental crust changes to oceanic crust is ___________________.

the continental margin

The Himalayan Mountains formed _____________________.

when India crashed into Eurasia

A continental arc ___________________.

is formed at active continental margins

Island arc complexes _______________________.

are mostly andesitic stratovolcanoes formed at active oceanic margins

Divergent boundaries are where two oceanic crusts _________________.

are pulling apart from each other

What is the North American Cordillera?

The North American Cordillera is a mountain belt that runs from Alaska through Mexico's Sierra Madre Mountains and joins with South America's Andes Mountain belt.

The Andes Mountains were formed from ___________________.

the collision of the Nazca Plate and the South American plate

Which feature is usually found where oceanic crust converges with continental crust?

continental arc

The islands of Japan were formed _____________________.

when an oceanic plate collided into another oceanic plate forming an island arc

An example of an orogenic belt is _____________. (Choose 2)

-North american Cordillera
-Andes Mountains

A syncline is seen ________________________.

when rock layers are folded in a U shape

Which fault is important in mountain building?

reverse or thrust fault

The 3 types of faults that can occur are: (Select 3)

Strike-Slip
Reverse
Thrust

Fault-block mountains _____________________.

are where large blocks of sedimentary rock layers are uplifted and tilted

All of the following are examples of evidences for plate movement except _________________.

igneous intrusions

A place where the mountain is folded into a A shape ______________________.

is an anticline

Mud cracks found in rock layers that have the opening wider at the bottom and smaller at the top show evidence of _____________________.

The Appalachian Mountains are made ______________________.

of ridges and valleys folded from passive continental margins

What are the two types of Folds?

syncline
anticline

Cracks in the earth's crust where there has been some kind of movement are called _____.

Law of Superposition

older layers are laid down first with younger layers on top

Law of Original Horizontality

In undisturbed rock layers, sedimentary rocks are generally laid down in horizontal layers

Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships

Igneous intrusions and faults are younger than the rock layer they are in

A gap in the geological record due to erosion

Angular unconformity

Rock layers that have been laid down horizontally, tilted, eroded, submerged

Contact metamorphism

Igneous intrusion have caused sedimentary rock to change to metamorphic rock

Extrusive igneous layer

Igneous rock layer laid down on the surface of the earth

A sedimentary rock layer overlies a non-sedimentary rock layer with the erosion in between

Law of Intrusions

Rock that is found inside other rocks are older than the rocks that contain them

Rock layers that have been pushed up

a geologic rock column

You can tell the order in which rock layers were laid down by examining ___________________.

The Law of Original Horizontality states that rock layers are going to be deposited ______________.

Rock is always laid down _____________.

the further down you go, the older the rocks are

According to the Law of Superposition, rocks are the same horizontally but _______________.

that was eroded

An unconformity in the rock layers can be an area _______________.

Angular unconformity

If you found a road cut that had slanted layers of granite-type rock and other horizontal layers on top, but underneath the horizontal layers you have a squiggly line, what would that be called?

Rock is always laid down _____________.

An unconformity in the rock layers can be an area _______________.

that was eroded

According to the Law of Superposition, rocks are the same horizontally but _______________.

the further down you go the older the rocks are

An unconformity is when some part of the rock layers have been ________________.

an area where the rock layers have been cut due to magma forcing its way through the rock layers

An intrusion layer is _________________________.

contact metamorphism

____________ _______________ is where one type of rock changes into another due to the heat and pressure from the igneous intrusion.

An igneous intrusion that is _________________ than the layer that it cuts, will show contact metamorphism everywhere it touches another rock.

An igneous intrusion that is _________________ than the layer that that is above it, will show contact metamorphism along the bottom layer and the edge of the intrusion, but not the top.

Record, 8 track, cassette, iPod, iPod touch

If I wanted to put a CD, a record, an iPod, a cassette, an 8 track, and an iPod touch relative to one another from oldest to youngest, I would put them in the following order:

The Grand Staircase in the desert of the Southwest United States includes the Grand Canyon. The ___________ of the Grand Canyon is the __________ of Zion National Park. The _________ of Zion is the __________ of Bryce National Park.

top
bottom
top
bottom

Explain uniformitarianism. How is that different from catastrophism?

Uniformitarianism is the belief that current processes (weathering, erosion, deposition) proceed at the same rate now as they did in the past. Catastrophism is the belief that there were short, sudden cataclysmic events that covered a large area, maybe world wide accelerating the processes.

What practical application might geologists have in using index fossils and geologic maps?

They can find natural resources, such as oil an coal in similar rock layers as elsewhere

Volcanic eruptions help geologists pinpoint ______________. (Choose the BEST answer)

the historical timeline of particular outcrops

An index fossil___________________.

has to be found over a large geographic area in a few layers

Match the following:

Principle of Uniformitarianism: the belief that current processes (weathering, erosion, deposition) proceed at the same rate now as they did in the past

Principle of Catastrophism: The belief that there were short, cataclysmic events that covered a large area, maybe worldwide accelerating the processes

Principle of Superposition: In undisturbed rock layers the oldest rocks will be laid down first

All of the following are examples of outcrops except ___________.

Dirt piles from road construction

What is the order of undisturbed rock layers?

The youngest rocks are on the top, the oldest are on the bottom

What is an outcrop?

An exposed layer of bedrock

Index fossils help geologists __________________ (Select all that apply).

-to devise the order layers in an area were laid down
-to compare outcrops
-determine the order in one outcrop and how it matches another outcrop

If a geologist "walks the outcrop" he ____________________.

walks along the actual outcrop matching the layers from one spot to the next

What is coprolite?

fossilized animal poop

Which of the following are considered trace fossils? (Choose 3)

imprints, trails, and tracks

An example of an index fossil would be _______________. (Choose 2)

trilobite and ammonite

A hollow space left behind after the organism completely disintegrates is called an(n) ______.

Which of the following are considered original remains? (Select all that apply)

- organism stuck in tree sap
- Mummification
- Freezing
- Tar seeps

In order for a fossil to be an index fossil, it has to have all of the following characteristics: ______________________. (Select all that apply)

- Easy to identify
- Abundant
- Appearing in a very short time frame
- Covers a wide geographic area

Any evidence preserved in rock that shows that an organism existed in the past is known as a(n) _______________.

A ________ is a copy of the original organism that formed out of minerals.

One advantage to finding index fossil Is that you can use it to ______________________. (Choose 3)

-determine that another fossil nearby is about the same age
-match one rock column to another by matching the index fossils
-determine the relative age of the fossils above and below it

Index fossils help to determine the __________________ age of another fossil found near it.

Newton discovered that the gravity of a planet _________________ as the planet approaches the sun causing the planet to move ____________ around the sun in that part of its orbit.

increased, faster

Newton discovered that if two planetary objects moved twice as far from each other ______________________.

their gravity reduced by 1/4th

Explain Kepler's 2nd law of planetary motion, also known as the Law of Areas.

Kepler's 2nd law of planetary motion states that on either sweep side of an ellipse, they both equal the same amount.

In an elliptical orbit, the sun ________________________.

is at one of the foci

Who developed the geocentric model?

When the planet orbits the sun it is an elliptical path. At the farthest point away from the sun, the planet is at its ____________________.

Who developed the heliocentric model?

When the planet orbits the sun it is an elliptical path. At its closest point from the sun, the planet is at its ____________________.

Newton was the first one to explain that tides are caused by _______________________. (Choose the BEST answer)

the gravitational pull of both the moon and the sun

What is an astronomical unit or AU?

the distance between the Earth and Sun

What scientist was able to decipher and describe the movement of the planets?

If you are standing at the North Pole how do the star trails appear to move over time?

in a circle around and above you

In which way does the Big Dipper move over the North Pole?

around in a circle overhead

Where would you be standing if you took this picture of the star trails?

Polaris: (Select all that apply):

Also known as North Star,Located almost directly over north pole,All other stars rotate around

The _____________________ is where the sky and the earth meet 360 degrees around the observer.

celestial horizon

The constellations move ________________ per hour.

Describe retrograde motion.

Retrograde motion is the illusion that the planets loop and change direction due to their appearance in relationship to an observer on Earth. It is caused by the earth's passing the slower moving outer planets.

A reflecting telescope _______________________.

uses a series of mirrors

According to star animation, If you are at the equator, what 2 major stars/constellations do you see in the sky to the north and south?

Polaris and the Southern Cross

A refracting telescope _______________________.

focuses at a particular focal point

If the sun was an empty ball you could put _____________________ earths in it.

Which day of Creation did God create the Sun?

What was the name of the satellite launched by NASA to study the area between the corona and the surface of the sun?

The Sun is made up primarily of ___________________.

The Sun is ___________ times larger than the moon and it is 400 times further away.

When the Moon is at its apogee and it passes in front of the sun, it is called ________________.

an annular eclipse

During a total eclipse of the sun, the ______________ of the moon casts a shadow touching a part of the Earth.

The __________________ of the moon is when the moon is at its farthest point from the Earth.

Specifically, __________ solar physicists ______ _______________ are people who study the sun. This is a specialty under the science of ______________ ____ astro physics ______________.

solar physicists
astrophysics

A total eclipse is caused when ___________________.

the moon completely blocks the light from the sun

Times of greater sunspot activity is called _____.Times of lesser sunspot activity is called _____. (Must be exact as read in the lesson.)

solar maximum
solar minimum

Hydrogen fusion, which powers all stars including the sun, occurs in the __________________.

Describe how helium is formed on the sun through nuclear fusion.

The sun's energy comes from the fusion of hydrogen atom nuclei in its core. This creates the 4th state of matter called plasma, which is ionized gas. Hydrogen atoms collide with the increased temperature and pressure on the sun. This process releases large amounts of energy which continues to fuel the sun. Some of this energy comes back to earth in the form of electromagnetic radiation which fuels all living processes on the earth. This area is about 27,000,000 degrees F. As they collide, the nuclei fuse and become helium atoms.

The yellow surface of the sun is called ___________________.

the photosphere

Sunspots _____________________________. (Select all that apply)

-appear in an 11 year cycle

-can exist from hours up to months at a time

-form above and below the sun's equator and move towards the pole

Choose the best answer. Plasma can make its way to the surface of the sun by convection movements in the _____________________.

convective zone

Solar wind travels in all directions from the sun. When it hits the earth, _________________ .(Choose 2)

- it is deflected by our magnetic field of the earth, protecting us

- they create the auroras seen as the Northern and Southern Lights

Solar flares __________________________ . (Select all that apply)

-can affect satellites, communications, and can cause worldwide blackouts

-occur close to the sun and give off gamma rays

-are photons, or packages of light that come from the sun

-are 100 million degrees Celsius

A fusion reaction, such as that that occurs on the sun, _____________________.

fuses the nuclei of 2 atoms, such as hydrogen

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) _____________________ . (Choose 4).

-can disrupt electrical systems on the Earth

-occurs when two magnetic field lines opposite each other come together

-are highly charged particles given off by the corona

-create shock waves that take a day and a half to reach the Earth

The chromosphere is made of __________________________.

Rays, which appear around craters, are formed when ________________________.

meteors strike the moon and sends out rock and dust

_________ are round indentations in the moon's surface

When the moon is closest to the earth it is said to be at its _________. When the moon is the farthest away from the earth it is set said to be at its _________.

What are the areas that Galileo thought were seas or oceans?

It takes 27 1/3 days for the moon to complete its revolution around the earth. This is called what kind of a month?

The first US moon landings were on the ____________________.

The dark side of the moon ____________________________.

is mostly craters and highlands

How does the moon shine?

It reflects light from the sun

The moon rises and sets _____________ minutes later each day.

The difference between gravity on the moon and gravity on the earth is related to ____________________.

the density of the rocks

The week before and the week after a full moon is a __________________. (Choose the best answer)

When we see the new moon we are seeing ___________________.

the same side of the moon as always

Where does the light on the moon come from?

it reflects the sun's light

How long does it take for the moon to orbit the earth?

On the earth, we see a waxing crescent. How long is it before the next waxing crescent?

When the moon appears to be cut in half it is a _____________ moon.

When the moon is waxing it is heading to a _____________________.

When the moon is between the earth and the sun, it is called a ________________.

When the moon is in its waning gibbous phase, it is moving toward a _________________.

The earth is between the sun and the moon at the _______________________.

How long is a lunar month?

It is a total eclipse when the moon is completely inside the ______________.

The earth's darker, inner shadow _____________________.

What type of lunar eclipse is the most common?

Partial eclipse

If the moon never makes it into the umbra, what type of eclipse is it?

penumbral lunar eclipse

The moon is red during an eclipse because red light is ____________________. (Choose 2)

-reflected by the moon from the sun
-bent by the Earth's atmosphere to the moon

A partial lunar eclipse is where the __________________________.

moon passes through the umbra and the penumbra

Near perfect ______________ must exist for the moon to be a total eclipse.

The earth's lighter, outer shadow ______________________.

is the penumbra

In order to have a lunar eclipse, __________________________.

the moon must pass into the earth's shadow

A total lunar eclipse can only happen when the moon is ______________ and the moon, Earth, and ____________ are in the same plane.

The seasons themselves are caused by two different aspects of the earth's movement, but the main effect of the seasons is due to_____.

Rotation of the earth on its axis

Spring tides _________________________ . (Select all that apply)

-produce very low, low tides
-occur when the moon and the sun are in alignment
-produce very high, high tides
-occur during the new and full moon

Solar noon at any given point on the earth is the lowest during ________ solstice.

What is the difference between spring tide and neap tide?

Spring tides occur under a full or new moons. Neap tides occur under quarter moons.

At the autumnal equinox in the northern hemisphere and the vernal equinox in the southern hemisphere, there are approximately ________________________.

12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness

Neap tides ______________________________. (Select all that apply).

-have very low, high tides and very high, low tides
-occur when the sun and the moon are at a 90 degree angle to each other
-occur during the first and third-quarter moon

The highest point the sun can reach is called ________________.

Solar noon at any given point on the earth is the highest during the _______ solstice.

If the sun is at solar noon on the equator during the solstice it is _______________ . (Choose 2)

at its zenith
at approximately 90 degrees overhead

The 90° mark where the sun is in the sky is also known as the _______________.

If the observer was on the equator, they would see ____ hours of daylight and ____ hours of darkness every day, all year long.

Select all of the characteristics that belong to the ALL of the outer planets. (Select all that apply)

- moons
- low density
- rings
- gaseous

Asteroids are primarily found in the belt _____________________.

between Jupiter and Mars

Which of the following are characteristics of the inner planets? (Select all that apply)

- high density
- dense core
- moons
- rocky landmass

A comet's tail is as a result of _____________________ (Choose 2)

-solar wind blowing particles off the comet nucleus as it is near the sun
-vaporization of ice, and dust, when the comet goes near the sun

All of the dwarf planets that are beyond the orbit of Neptune are considered _______________.

Scientists were surprised to discover that just like Saturn, all of the Jovian planets had _____________. (Choose 3)

- rings
- moons
- inner core, mantle, outer surface

What is the difference between a meteor, meteoroid, and meteorite?

A meteor is a meteoroid that has been observed from earth. A meteoroid is a small particle from an asteroid orbiting the sun. A meteorite is a meteoroid that has survived and passed the earth atmosphere and has damaged the earth surface.
--
A meteor is the light streak made by a meteoroid as it streaks through the atmosphere, also called a shooting star. A meteorite refers to a meteoroid after it impacts the Earth's surface. A meteoroid is the actual object that makes a meteor streak, usually smaller than 10m in diameter - usually comes from asteroid or comet.

What is the difference between a planet and a dwarf planet?

the planet has no objects in its orbit other than what it contains in its gravity, but a dwarf planet does not

Some asteroids may also be referred to as ______________________ , or minor planets.

A famous comet that comes into the view of Earth every 76 years is known as _____________ Comet.

The atmosphere of Mercury ____________________ (Choose 2)

-is almost non-existent
-get blown away by solar wind from the sun

The spacecraft that was launched by NASA which studied most of Venus ____________________.

was Magellan in 1991

The 2 spacecraft that have been to Mercury are _____________________.

Messenger in 2011 & Mariner 10 in 1974

Mercury has a surface __________________.

very similar to the moon

The clouds on Venus are made up of _________________________________.

fine droplets of sulfuric acid

Venus rotates backwards from Earth. The definition for this is called _________________.

retrograde rotation

What gas causes the temperature of Venus to be the hottest in the solar system? (Credit will ONLY be given for the answer written in word form and NOT capitalized) ____________________.

Venus' surface is largely __________________.

Mercury rotates so slow _______________________.

that it has extreme temperature differences

Eighty-five percent of the radius of Mercury is found on/in its __________________________.

The first orbiting spacecraft was sent up by the former Soviet Union. It was called ________________.

Mars has ____________ rings and ___________ moons. (Use numerals)

The atmosphere on Mars is almost all __________________.

The Earth's atmosphere is approximate _____ percent nitrogen and _____ percent oxygen. (Put numeral only)

Mars is also known as the ____________ Planet.`

The largest mountain in the solar system is __________________.

a shield volcano on Mars called Olympus Mons

What is unusual about Mars' moons?

they are like asteroids

What causes Leap Year in our calendar?

the earths revolution

The magnetic field on the earth that protects us from solar wind is caused by ______________________ .(Select all that apply)

the liquid outer core
the earth's rotation
the solid inner core

Life on another planet, as we know it, requires all of the following except ________________.

oceans of salt water

What is Jupiter's atmosphere made of?

hydrogen and helium

Saturn is mostly made up of _______________________.

Saturn is 95 times the mass of Earth. It's volume is about 765 times that of Earth. Why?

because Saturn has a lower density than Earth

The giant red spots on Jupiter are as a result of __________________.

storms on the planet's surface

Which of Jupiter's moons was found to have active volcanoes on it?

Saturn has _______________ moons, ________ provisional moons, and ______________ is its largest moon. (Use a numeral for A, B, and capitalize C)

Jupiter has a large ________________ which stretches all the way to Saturn, like a comet tail.

Jupiter has about _____________ moons.

Saturn's rings are made up of __________________.

____________________ was the first to discover Jupiter's first 4 moons in 1610.

The two largest moons of Uranus are named ____________ and ________________.

Titania and Oberon

Pluto is now considered a ____________.

On the exact 25th anniversary of Voyager 2's flyby of Neptune, _____________________ spacecraft reached Neptune on Aug 25, 2014.

The largest moon on Neptune is ____________.

What are the rings of Neptune made from?

Uranus' axis is ___________________.

almost completely tipped over on its side

Pluto is now in orbit outside of Neptune in the _________________________.

Uranus has an atmosphere made mostly of _____________.

Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, has a retrograde orbit. What does that mean?

it orbits clockwise, the opposite direction of Neptune

What causes the blue color of Neptune?

Where are trans-Neptunian objects located?

Transneptunian objects are located in the Kuiper Belt.

The temperature of Polaris is approximately _______________. You may use the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.

What characteristics does our Sun have? You may use the Hertzsprung Russell Diagram (Select all that apply)

5000-6000 K
Main-sequence
yellow star
G-class star

What characteristics does Rigel have? You may use the Hertzsprung Russell Diagram (Choose 3)

Blue star
10,000-20,000 K
B-class star

Antares is considered the size of a _______________ star. You may use the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram. (Spelling counts)

The basis for determining the luminosity of the other stars is ___________.

The size of Arcturus is that of a _______________ star. You may use the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.

The luminosity of Rigel is _______________ solar units. You may use the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.

The temperature of Betelgeuse is approximately _______________. You may use the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.

What is the difference between the apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude of stars?

Apparent magnitude is how bright the star appears from earth. Absolute magnitude is how bright the star appears at a standard distance of 32.6 light years, or 10 parsecs.

Sirius is the size of a _______________ star like the Sun. You may use the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.

The luminosity of Polaris is approximately _______________ solar units. You may use the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.

On the equator, between March 20-22nd, the sun rises [BLANK].

directly east and sets directly west

Which type of star emits radio waves?

Dead stars are ________________ , and they no longer undergo nuclear fusion

Stars that appear to pulsate but are non-pulsating are called ___________________.

eclipsing binary stars

Some stars expand and contract giving off varying intensities of brightness. These are _______________.

pulsating stars

Stars of average size and average temperature are called _______________.

main sequence stars

The Hertz-Sprung Russell Diagram uses _____________ as the standard at which every other star is measured.

Our Sun is a _________________________.

yellow, main sequence star

Rigel, in the constellation Orion, is _________________ and it is _______________.

a blue supergiant
at the end of its life

A red giant needs to be __________________ to be as luminous as a blue giant.

A type of star that is still hot but is running out of fuel for fusion is the __________.

Protostars are detected by _________________.

infrared radiation

Stars will remain stable ____________________.

as long as the pressure of the gas moving out is the same as the gravity pulling in

The mass of Mt Everest can be found in a marble-sized piece of ________________.

Explain why a neutron star is very dense.

Neutron stars are composed almost entirely of neutrons which are particles with no net electrical charge, and weigh a little bit more than a proton.

What is the result of a hydrogen fusion reaction?

How do astronomers find black holes?

by their effect of gravity on other objects in space

___________________ have such strong gravity light cannot escape.

Nebulas are _________________.

clouds of dust and gas

The interior of star's core is made up of _____________________ at the end of hydrogen fusion.

The closest star, in distance, to our Sun is _____________________________.

Proxima Centauri

The nucleus of the galaxy is ____________________.

in the center where a large cluster of stars are found

Our sun is part of ______________________.

The collision of two galaxies results in a(n) ____________________ galaxy.

At the center of a galaxy with a quasar you will find ____________________.

a black hole powering the quasar

The Big Bang is really a ________________ because __________________.

model, it can not be proven by the scientific method of experimentation

Spiral galaxies make up of about _______________ percent of all known galaxies.

Quasi- stellar radio sources are also known as ___________ and emit _____________.

quasars
radio waves

A(n) _______________ galaxy does not have any dust or gas in the center and is round or oval. (Spelling counts)

The current secular Big Bang Theory says that ______________________.

matter appeared simultaneously in all directions at the same time

Spiral galaxies ____________________________.

have a center cluster of millions of stars with 2 arms

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