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lesson 7 gov

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (50)

This is at the heart of the United States political system.
human rights
This guarantees that government cannot abuse the rights of individuals.
the Bill of Rights
This process extends the Bill of Rights to protect individuals from all levels of government.
incorporation
Gitlow v. New York nationalized the Fourteenth Amendment over this issue.
freedom of speech
This allows citizens to take their cases to a higher court.
nationalization
Thomas Jefferson believed this builds a wall of separation between church and state.
First Amendment
Schools operated by a church or religious group are called
parochial schools
This allows student religious groups to meet in high schools receiving federal funds.
Equal Access Act
In Board of Education v. Allen, the Court upheld state programs to provide these to parochial schools.
secular textbooks
These cases illustrate how the Court can change its interpretation of the Constitution.
flag salute cases
The verbal expression of thought and opinion before an audience is
pure speech
Expression involving actions and symbols is
symbolic speech
This urges resistance to lawful authority or advocates the overthrow of the government.
seditious speech
This holds that First Amendment freedoms are more fundamental than other freedoms.
preferred position doctrine
The Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier case gives school officials authority to regulate
student speech
These give reporters protection against being forced to disclose confidential information.
shield laws
These have more First Amendment protection than broadcasters, but less than newspapers.
cable operators
The Court ruled that liberty of expression by these means is guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth amendments.
motion pictures
Congress passed the Communications Decency Act to deal with this.
the Internet
This is considered commercial speech and is given less protection under the First Amendment.
advertising
Without this basic freedom, there would be no political parties.
freedom of assembly
Holocaust survivors in Skokie, Illinois, illustrated a free speech and assembly problem called the
heckler's veto
This case stands as a precedent that police may disperse a demonstration to keep the peace.
the irving feiner case
Unless there is a labor dispute, the Court has upheld laws that prohibit
picketing near a public school
This was used by the Court to uphold the conviction of 11 American Communist Party leaders.
Alien Registration Act
Immigrants are these until they become naturalized citizens.
resident aliens
This term refers to a person living in the United States who is a citizen of a nation at war with the United States.
enemy alien
The state with the largest number of immigrants is
California
This law provided a way for illegal immigrants to become permanent residents.
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
By 1990, 85 percent of immigrants who came to the United States came from
Asia and Latin America
This legal process grants a person the rights and privileges of a citizen.
naturalization
This makes state citizenship an automatic result of national citizenship.
Fourteenth Amendment
Through this process, a group of people become naturalized citizens.
collective naturalization
Giving up one's citizenship and living in another country is called
expatriation
The loss of citizenship through fraud or deception during the naturalization process is called
denaturalization
This rule holds that illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in a federal court.
exclusionary rule
To conduct wiretapping, eavesdropping, and electronic surveillances, you need
a warrant
This principle means a person may not be tried twice for the same crime.
double jeopardy
This forbids cruel and unusual punishment.
Eighth Amendment
In Gregg v. Georgia, the Court ruled that under adequate guidelines, this is acceptable.
the death penalty
This means that the Court will uphold a state law that is based on reasonably related classification.
rational basis test
This classification is made on the basis of race or national origin.
suspect classification
These rights go to the heart of the United States system.
fundamental rights
Laws that classify people unreasonably are said to
be discriminatory
This overruled the separate-but-equal doctrine.
Brown v. Board of Education
When one qualified individual loses out to another because of race, ethnicity, or gender, it may be because of
affirmative action policies
The Reed decision created a new standard for judging constitutionality in these types of discrimination cases.
gender
This act requires federal agencies to provide citizens access to public records.
Freedom of Information Act
This act allows your parents to check your school records.
Family Education Rights and Privacy Act
To protect consumers, this was rewritten in 1996.
fair credit reporting
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