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BIO181 - Respiration

Terms in this set (48)

respiration
name given to pathways in which cells harvest the energy from the breakdown of food molecules
oxidative phosphorylation
the process that generates most of the ATP is called _____
90%
oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost _____ of the ATP
chemiosmosis
oxidative phosphorylation involves the electron transport chain and _____
carbohydrates, ATP
In respiration, organic molecules (_____, proteins and lipids) are essentially oxidized. Electrons are released and energy is repackaged into _____.
respiration of glucose
What does the following equation give you? C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O and ATP (about 36 ATPS from one glucose molecule)
photosynthesis of glucose
6CO₂ + 6H₂O and Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
pairs
Oxidation and reduction reactions occur in _____.
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is also called _____.
accepts, reduced, NADH
NAD+ is an oxidizing agent - it _____ electrons from other molecules and becomes _____. This reaction forms _____, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD+.
photosynthesis
A series of reduction reactions used to form organic molecules (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water.
reduction
alternate name for photosynthesis
oxidation
alternate name for respiration
photosynthesis
_____ occurs in chloroplasts
cellular respiration
_____ occurs in mitochondria
reduction
adding electrons is called _____; negatively charged electrons added to an atom reduce the amount of positive charge of that atom
NADH, oxygen
During cellular respiration, most electrons travel the following "downhill" route: glucose → _____ → electron transport chain → _____.
glycolysis, Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis)
The stages of cellular respiration are _____, _____, _____.
pyruvate
Glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called _____.
cytoplasm
Glycolysis takes place in the _____.
energy investment, energy generation
The two phases of glycolysis are _____ and _____.
the six carbon sugar is broken into two, three-carbon compounds; hydrogens are taken off; energy (electrons) from the broken C-H bonds is released and re-captured (by NADH) to eventually make ATP or form ATP directly
The steps of glycolysis:
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
At step five of glycolysis, isomerase drives the formation of _____.
oxygen (enter Krebs), no oxygen (fermentation)
The two path options after glycolysis are _____ and _____.
acetyl CoA, NADH
Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to _____. For this to occur, CO2 and _____ must be released.
cytoplasm, cytosol
Everything between the cell wall and nucleus is called the _____. The ground substance in which all the organelles are suspended is termed _____.
2, 4, 2
Glycolysis begins with ___ ATP's and forms ___ ATP's, ___ NADH's, and 2 Pyruvates.
matrix
The Krebs Cycle takes place in the center or _____ of the mitochondria.
8
There are ___ steps in the Krebs Cycle.
quarter
Glycolysis releases less than a _____ of the chemical energy stored in glucose; most of the energy remains stockpiled in the two molecules of pyruvate.
CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP, pyruvate
The Krebs Cycle produces 2 _____'s, 3 _____'s, 1 _____, 1 _____. However, to calculate the inputs and outputs on a per-glucose basis, you have to multiply by 2 because each glucose molecule is split during glycolysis into two _____ molecules.
proton gradient
The _____ may be used as an intermediate energy source for heat and flagellar rotation. It results from the higher concentration of protons outside the inner membrane of the mitochondria than inside the membrane, and becomes the driving force behind atp synthesis/hydrolysis.
Chemiosmosis
_____ is the diffusion of hydrogen ions (protons) across the biological membrane via the ATP synthase (a transport protein) due to a proton gradient that forms on the other side of the membrane.
substrate-level phosphorylation
______ refers to the production of ATP by the direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from an intermediate substrate in a biochemical pathway to ADP.
electron transport chain
The _____ is a collection of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells (in prokaryotes, they reside in the plasma membrane).
pyruvate
In glycolysis the most reduced compound formed is _____.
oxygen
The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is _____.
ATP
The net result of the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis and fermentation is the production of 2 _____.
glycolysis
The stage of aerobic respiration which requires ATP is _____.
cytosol, matrix, ETC, inner
Glycolysis occurs in the _____. The Krebs cycle takes place in the _____ of the mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation via the _____ is carried out on the _____ mitochondrial membrane.
ETC
The _____ is located across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
ETC, OXPHOS, chemiosmosis
The _____ includes four large protein complexes in the fluid membrane. The first three are involved in _____. The last is involved in _____.
OXPHOS
An abbreviation for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
2 GTPs (as ATPs), 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
What is released and/or formed in the citric acid cycle per glucose molecule?
CO2, NADH, Acetyl CoA
What is released and/or formed per pyruvate during the transition phase between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
oxaloacetate
Krebs begins with Acetyl CoA combining with _____.
3
___ ATP can be produced from 1 NADH.
2
___ ATP can be produced from 1 FADH2.
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