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Chapter 15 Final Study Guide

Terms in this set (97)

Ascending information
afferent division
This part of your nervous system contains sensory receptors, neurons, and pathways
afferent
How many divisions does the peripheral nervous system have and what are they?
2, afferent/efferent
Descending information
efferent division
What are the two divisions of the efferent division of the nervous system?
somatic and autonomic
This contains motor nuclei, motor tracts, and motor neurons
somatic system
What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic/parasympathetic
Fight or flight response is to the _________ system as rest and digest is to the _____________ system
sympathetic parasympathetic
What part of the efferent system controls skeletal muscle?
somatic
What part of the efferent system controls smooth/cardiac muscle and glands?
autonomic
A ________ produces a ____________ _______________ in the membrane potential of a receptor cell.
stimulus, graded change
If the stimulus ________________ the receptor cell to threshold an ___________ _____________ develops in the initial segment/
depolarizes, action potential
_________ of sensory neurons carry information about the _________ of stimulus as APs to the CNS.
Axons, type
Information processing occurs at every _________ ___________
relay synapse
Only about ____ percent of arriving sensation are relayed to the ____________ _____________ _____________.
1, primary sensory, cortex
The ___________ ______________ which is not immediate can moderate, enhance, or supplement the relatively simple involuntary ____________ response.
voluntary response, reflexive response
Specialized cells that monitor specific conditions in the body or external environment
sensory receptors
Information arriving from sensory receptors is a
sensation
The conscious awareness of a sensation is
perception
The production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body is known as
synesthesia
What are some examples of general
senses?
temp
touch
pain
pressure
Where can general senses be located?
throughout the body
What is the receptor structure of general senses?
simple
What is the destination of general senses in the CNS?
primary sensory cortex
What are some examples of special sense?
olfaction
vision
gustation
equlibrium
Where are special senses located?
in special sensory organs
What is the receptor structure of special senses?
complex
Where in the CNS do special senses end up?
In specific cortical areas
What happens in the 4 stages of sensory information processing?
First a sensory receptor is stimulated by a stimulus, that stimulus is tranduced into a graded receptor potential and if it is strong enough an AP is generated and that information is transmitted and processed in CNS.
Each receptor has a characteristic sensitivity to a certain type of stimulus, this is known as
receptor specifity
Specificity results from the ___________ of a receptor
structure
What is a receptive field?
an area monitored by a single receptor cell
What is a graded potential?
changes in membrane potential that vary in size
What type of receptor is always active?
tonic
In a ________ receptor a _______ causes a change in the _______ pattern
tonic,stimulus,firing
What type of receptor is slow adapting?
tonic
What is a good example of a tonic receptor?
nociceptor
What type of receptor is inactive at rest?
phasic
When discussing ______ receptors a _______ causes it __________
phasic, stimulus, fire
What type of receptor is fast adapting?
phasic
What is a good example of a phasic receptor?
thermoreceptor
The specific type of stimulus is known as
sensory modality
What is a labeled line?
the link between a peripheral receptor and the cortical area responsible for processing teh sensory information
The CNS interprets the __________ of a stimulus entirely based on the ______________
modality, labeled line
What is an example of a labeled line?
Photoreceptor is linked to visual cortex
When there is a constant stimulus and there is a reduction in the sensitivity of the stimulus this is known as
receptor adaptation
What are the 4 types of general sense receptors?
NTCM
(nocicpetor, thermo, chemo, mechano)
What receptor is stimulated by pain?
nociceptor
Nociceptors usually have __________ nerve ending and __________ receptive fields
free, large
What are nociceptors sensitive to?
temperature, mechanical damage, and dissolved chemicals
Where are nociceptors most commonly found?
skin, joints, bones, and surrounding blood vessels
What are the types of axons for nociceptors?
Type A= fast paint
Type C= slow pain
What receptor is stimulated by temperature?
thermoreceptors
Thermoreceptors have what kind of nerve ending?
free
Where are thermoreceptors located?
dermis, skeletal muscles, liver, hypothalamus
Are there more warm or cold receptors?
cold (3-4 times more)
What receptor is stimulated by CO2, OH, pH?
chemoreceptor
Chemoreceptors can detect small changes in ____________ of specific __________/____________ dissolved in body fluids
concentrations, chemicals/compounds
Where are chemoreceptors located?
brain and some major blood vessels
Are we consciously aware of chemoreceptors? Where is the information routed?
no and the brainstem
What are the 3 types of mechanorecptors?
TBP
(tactile, baro, proprio)
What causes mechanically gated ion channels to open?
Distortion of the plasma membrane
What mechanoreceptor is located mainly in the skin and other external structures?
tactile
What stimulates tactile receptors?
touch pressure and vibration
What are the 2 broad classes of tactile receptors?
fine and crude touch
___________ touch and pressure receptors are extremely ______________ with ____________ receptor fields. They provide detailed information about location, shape, size, texture, and _____________.
Fine, sensitive, narrow, movement
_______ touch and pressure receptors provide poor _________________ (have ___________ receptor fields)
crude, localization, large
What stimulates a baroreceptor?
distensions (change in pressure)
Barorecptors have ______________ nerve endings within _______ __________ in the wall of a distensible _______________.
free, elastic tissues, organ
Where are some places you can find barorecptors?
digestive tract, urinary sys, and reproductive sys
Proprioreceptors monitor what 3 things?
position of joints
tension in ligaments
state of muscular contraction
Proprioceptors are ONLY found in what type of muscle?
skeletal
What are the 3 different type of receptors under proprioceptors?
muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
joint capsule receptors
In the basic somatic motor pathway, in the upper motor neuron where do the cell bodies lie?
cortex
In the basic somatic motor pathway, in the lower motor neuron, cell bodies lie?
brainstem or spinal cord
One motor neuron ___________ a single motor unit in a skeletal muscle
innervates
The dorsal spinal cord carries
sensory information
The ventral spinal cord carries
motor information
This adjusts the activities of upper motor neurons
basal nuclei
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in this region (basal nuclei) causes
Parkinson's diseases
As movements are underway, the cerebellum
monitors proprioceptive/vestibular sensations and visual info
Response of a sensory receptor depends on the ______________ of the stimulus
strength
What does receptor potential determine?
If and how many APs will fire
Other characteristics of a stimulus (strength, duration, and variation) are conveyed by the ________ and ________ of APs in one/multiple neurons
frequency/pattern
Changes in level of receptor activity due to sensitivity
(involve slow/fast adapting receptors)
peripheral adaptation
Inhibition of nuclei alone a sensory pathway or in the CNS
central adaptation
What is the 1st order sensory neuron pathway?
periphery to spinal cord
What is the 2nd order sensory neuron pathway?
spinal cord to thalamus
What is the 3rd order sensory neuron pathway?
thalamus to cortex
What is decussation?
crossing of axons from one side to the other
True or false:
All axons within a tact share a common origin and destination
true
In spinal tract a prefix indicates the ___________ and the suffix indicates the ____________
destination
What are some somatic sensory tracts?
spinothalamic
posterior column pathway
spinocerebellar
Where do visceral pathways end?
solitary nucleus
Corticospinal pathways -
conscious motor control
Medial pathways-
subconscious motor control
Lateral Pathways-
subconscious motor control
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