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Applied Behavior Analysis - Chapter 2

Terms in this set (53)

antecedent
An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest.
automaticity of reinforcement
Refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness; a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between her behavior and a reinforcing consequence, or even know that a consequence has occurred, for reinforcement to "work."
aversive stimulus
an unpleasant or noxious stimulus
aversive stimulus
A stimulus change or condition that functions to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past, as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior.
behavior
the activity of living organisms, includes everything that people do.
behavior change tactic
A technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior; possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination.
conditioned punisher
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers.
conditioned reflex
A learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits (e.g salivation)
conditioned reinforcer
A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers
conditioned stimulus
Stimulus component of a conditioned reflex: a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus or another CS
consequence
A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest.
contingency
Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables.
contingent
Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred.
deprivation
The state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer
discriminated operant
An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others.
discriminitive stimulus
a stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced
environment
Where the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment.
Extinction
The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior.
Habituation
the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
higher-order conditioning
Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS). Also known as secondary conditioning.
history of reinforcement
An inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire.
motivating operation
An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event
negative reinforcer
a stimulus whose termination functions as reinforcement
neutral stimulus
A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior.
Ontogeny
The history of development of an individual organism during its lifetime.
operant behavior
Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control by its consequences
operant conditioning
The basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment)frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational conditions in the future.
Phylogeny
The history of the natural evolution of a species
positive reinforcement
Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.
principle of behavior
A statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time.
Punisher
A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.
punishment
Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.
reflex
A stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits
Reinforcement
Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.
Reinforcer
A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.
repertoire
All of the behaviors a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task.
respondent behavior
The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli.
Respondent Conditioning
A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedures in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.
Respondent Extinction
The repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus; the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual's repertoire.
response
A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior.
response class
A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.
Satiation
A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior.
selection by consequences
The fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; all forms of operant behavior, from simple to complex, are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual's lifetime.
Stimulus
An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells.
stimulus class
A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal, and/or functional dimensions.
stimulus control
A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.
stimulus-stimulus pairing
A procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus.
three-term contingency
The basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence.
unconditioned punisher
A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.
Unconditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus
The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning.
Response Topography
physical shape or form of behavior
stimulus change
the environment influences behavior primarily by:
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