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psychology chapter 4

Terms in this set (142)

sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increase the level of stress hormones, reduced immune functioning
obesity, increased blood pressure, increase the level of stress hormones, reduced immune functioning
The structure of consciousness was studied by who?
Wundt
Consciousness describe our
awareness of internal and External Stimuli
Awareness of internal Stimuli includes
Feeling pain, hunger, sleepiness and being aware of our thought and emotion
awareness of external stimuli includes
seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room and hearing the voice of a friend
alpha wave
type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep
biological rhythm
internal cycle of biological activity
cataplexy
lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
central sleep apnea
sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signal sent from the brain th
circadian rhythm
biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours
consciousness
awareness of internal and external stimuli
homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
insomnia
consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time
jet lag
collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
melatonin
hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle
meta-analysis
study that combines the results of several related studies
pineal gland
endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin
rotating shift work
work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
sleep
state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
sleep debt
result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
sleep regulation
brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located
wakefulness
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
evolutionary psychology
discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection
sleep rebound
sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep
delta wave
type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
collective unconscious
theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung
K-complex
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli
latent content
hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
lucid dream
people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content
manifest content
storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
non-REM (NREM)
period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
sleep spindle
rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory
stage 1 sleep
first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep
stage 2 sleep
second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles
stage 3 sleep
third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
stage 4 sleep
fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
theta wave
type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep
cognitive-behavioral therapy
psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open
narcolepsy
sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times
night terror
sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment
obstructive sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway
parinsomnia
one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
restless leg syndrome
sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs
sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep
sleepwalking
(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep
codeine
opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain
depressant
drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
euphoric high
feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use
hallucinogen
one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations
methadone
synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
methadone clinic
uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
methamphetamine
type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused
opiate/opioid
one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
physical dependence
changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use
psychological dependence
emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress
stimulant
drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
tolerance
state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect
withdrawal
variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
hypnosis
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
meditation
clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus
The body's biological clock is located in the
hypothalamus
what occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep
Sleep Debt
What cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours
circadian
What is one way in which people can reset their biological clocks
light-dark exposure
Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep
pituitary gland
The what plays a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.
hypothalamus, thalamus
what is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function
melatonin
what appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks
slow-wave sleep
what is described as slow wave sleep
stage 3 and 4
sleep spindles and k- complexes are often associated with ________ sleep
stage 2
symptoms of ________ many be improved by REM deprivation
depression
The __________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream
latent
what is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy
cataplexy
An individual may suffer from ________ is there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.
Central Sleep Apnea
The most common treatment for involves the use of amphetamine-like medication
narcolepsy
what is another word for sleepwalking
somnambulism
what occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug
tolerance
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of
dopamine
LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.
serotonin
what is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion
hypnosis
What has its roots in religious practice
meditation
meditation may be helpful in
Pain management and stress control
Research suggests that cognitive processes such as learning may be affected by
hypnosis
consciousness describes our what?
Awareness of internal and external stimuli
internal stimuli includes feeling
Pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of thoughts and emotions
external stimuli includes
seeing light, feeling warmth, and hearing a voice in the room.
Example of Biological rhythms
A women's menstrual cycle because it recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes
Alertness is associated with __________ body temp.
Sleepiness is associated with _________ body temp.
Higher
Lower
Sleep-wake cycle is linked to our what cycle?
Environment's natural light-dark cycle
What is the main center of homeostasis and where is located at?
hypothalamus, it lies above the pituitary
Where is the brain's clock mechanism located at
The hypothalamus; known as the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
What is an example of circadian rhythm
Sleep-wake
Brain's Clock mechanism sets itself with
light information
What is thought to be regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep?
Pineal gland
Melatonin release is _________ by darkness and _________ by light
Stimulated by darkness
Inhibited by light
what are jet leg symptoms
fatigue, irritability, and insomnia
What are 2 consequences of sleep debt?
decrease level of alertness and mental efficiency
Since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep people get _______
declines
Newborn require how many hours of sleep
12-18 hrs
Adults require how much sleep
7-9 hrs
sleep deprivation is associated
obesity
increased blood pressure
increase level of stress hormones
reduced immune functioning
we spend _______________ of out lives sleeping
one-third
we spend approximately how many years sleeping
25 years
Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized by using what?
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Sleep- wakes cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas. What are some?
hypothalamus and pons
What is Pons important for
regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Sleep is divided into 2 general phrases
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep and the Non-REM (NREM) Sleep
The first through fourth stage of sleep is what phase
NREM sleep
The 5 and final stage of sleep is what phase of sleep
REM Sleep
In stage 1 sleep what happens to your body physically?
slow rates of respiration and heartbeat
a decrease in muscle tension and core body temp
In brain waves activity what waves are being used in stage 1 of sleep
alpha and theta waves
Carl Jung believed
Symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meaning that are similar for all people
Who allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious
Carl Jung
Rosalind Cartwright believed
dreams simply reflect life events that are important to dreamers
John Hubson believed
That dreams involve constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might help during wakefulness
lucid dreaming
a conscious awareness of dreaming accompanied by the ability to control the content of the dream
____% and _____% of population suffers asleep disorder in their lives
30% and 50%
Insomia
a long delay in time going to bed from the time you actually fall asleep.
What is the most common Sleep Disorder
insomnia
What Is one treatment that can help insomnia
Cognitive- behavioral therapy
Parasomnias
sleep disorder in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity during sleep
What are some examples of Parasomnia
Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors
One Treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder
Clonazepam -anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties
One treatment for restless leg syndrome
benzodiazepines
What are the two types of sleep apnea
obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea
Most common treatment for sleep apnea
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Who has a better risk of getting SIDS Boy infant or a Girl Infant
Boy
Alcohol and depressant drugs both have what in common?
Serve as agonists of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system
If you drink alcohol while pregnant the infant may have a cluster of birth defects and symptoms called (2 defects)
Fatal Alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or Fata Alcohol Syndrome (FAS
Some stimulants are
Cocaine, amphetamines, Cathinones, MDMA, Nicotine, and caffeine
like many stimulants cocaine agonizes the
dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neural synapse
Amphetamines
is prescribed to people with ADHD
Healthcare professionals often work rotating shifts. Why is this problematic? What can be done to deal with potential problems?
Given that rotating shift work can lead to exhaustion and decreased mental efficiency, individuals working under these conditions are more likely to make mistakes on the job. The implications for this in the health care professions are obvious. Those in health care professions could be educated about the benefits of light-dark exposure to help alleviate such problems.
How could researchers determine if given areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of sleep?
Researchers could use lesion or brain stimulation techniques to determine how deactivation or activation of a given brain region affects behavior. Furthermore, researchers could use any number of brain imaging techniques like fMRI or CT scans to come to these conclusions.
Freud believed that dreams provide important insight into the unconscious mind. He maintained that a dream's manifest content could provide clues into an individual's unconscious. What potential criticisms exist for this particular perspective?
The subjective nature of dream analysis is one criticism.
Some people claim that sleepwalking and talking in your sleep involve individuals acting out their dreams. Why is this particular explanation unlikely?
Dreaming occurs during REM sleep. One of the hallmarks of this particular stage of sleep is the paralysis of the voluntary musculature which would make acting out dreams improbable.
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