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Art appreciation vocab chp 5-12

Terms in this set (190)

the substance in a medium that causes particles of pigment to adhere to one another and to the support

the coloring material of a medium. It is made from various organic or chemical substances. When mixed with binder such as water, oil, gum arabic, or other substances, it creates a drawing or painting medium

a surface on which a two-dimensional work of art is made; for example paper, wood or canvas

includes the mediums of metalpoint/silverpoint, pencil, charcoal, chalk, crayon, and pastel

drawing medium in which a silver-tipped instrument inscribes lines on a surface that has been coated with a ground or pigment

a thin rod of graphite enclosed in a cylinder of soft wood

soft black form of carbon used as a drawing implement (from graphein, Greek for "to write")

form of carbon produced by partially burning wood or other organic matter; it can be used as a drawing implement

form of soft limestone that is easily pulverized and can be used as drawing implement

drawing implement made by grinding coloring matter, mixing it with gum, and forming it into a crayon

small stick of colored way, chalk , or chalk, or other materials that has a fatty or greasy binder. They used for writings and drawing

commercial drawing stick in varying degrees of hardness and in a range of black, white, and red earth colors

ink, along with the pen or brush, the instruments used to apply it

writing surface made from the papyrus plant

pen made from a large, stiff feather

point of a pen; the split and sharpened end of a quill pen

pointed, needlelike tool

layer of color, often uniform in tone, applied across the paper with a brush

beautiful handwriting; penmanship; ornamental writing with a pen or brush

more versatile than brush and ink in that it can create an image through tonal contrasts without the use of line

a full-scale preparatory drawing made for projects such as a fresco, stained glass, or tapestries usually on paper and drawn to scale with the larger work

application of a pigment to a surface; a work of art created in this manner

mixture of a pigment with a vehicle or medium

binding material in paint in which the pigment is suspended. The materials and methods used to create an image or object, as in drawing, painting, sculpture, etc.

surface on which a two-dimensional work of art is created; a coat of liquid material applied to a support that serves as a base for drawing or painting. Also, the background in a composition

liquid such as water or oil with which pigments are mixed for painting

material that binds substances together

surface on which a two-dimensional work of art is made

enables the artist to thin the paint so as to control its flow and also to clean the brushes

type of painting in which pigments are applied to a fresh, wet plaster surface or wall and thereby become part of the surface or wall. From the Italian word meaning "fresh."

true fresco, as executed on damp lime plaster: Contrast with fresco secco

dry fresco; painting executed on dry plaster: Contrast with buon fresco

method of painting in which the colors in a wax medium are burned into a surface with hot irons

painting medium in which ground pigments are bound with egg yolk

kind of painting in which pigments are mixed with casein, size, or egg-particularly egg yolk- to create a dull finish

apply gold leaf of thin sheets of a gold like substance to a surface

preliminary coating applied to a painting support to improve adhesion of paints or to create special effects

plaster of Paris that is applied to a wooden or canvas support and used as a surface for painting or as the material for sculpture. An Italian word meaning "gypsum."

to coat a painted surface with a semi-transparent color that provides a glassy or glossy finish. In ceramics, to apply a liquid suspension of powdered material to the surface of a ware. After drying, the ware is fired at a temperature that causes the ingredients to melt together to from a hard, glossy coating

application of media such as oils and acrylics so that an actual texture is built up on a surface

paint in which pigments are combined with a synthetic plastic medium that is durable, soluble in water, and quick-drying

watercolor technique in which transparent films of paint are applied to a white, absorbent surface

type of watercolor paint that is made opaque by mixing pigments with a particular gum binder

a painting technique where a device sprays a coating (paint, ink, varnish etc.) through the air onto a surface. The most common types employ compressed gas — usually air compressed by an air compressor — to atomize and direct the paint particles

assemblage of two-dimensional objects to create an image: works of art in which materials such as paper, cloth, and wood are pasted to a two-dimensional surface, such as a wooden panel or canvas (from coller, French for " to paste")

synthetic cubism

second phase of Cubism, which emphasized the form of the object, and constructing rater than disintegrating that form

medium in which the ground is wet plaster on an architectural element, such as a wall, into which small pieces (tesserae) of colored tile, stone, or glass are assembled to create an image

a picture or design made by pressing or hitting a surface with a plate, block, etc. In photography, a photograph, especially one made from a negative

the working surface of the block, slab, or screen

surface from which the background areas can be carved or chipped away is suitable for relief printing

relief printing

printmaking technique in which the printing matrix is carved with knives so that the areas not meant to be printed (that is, not meant to leave an image) are below the surface of the matrix

the precise alignment of impression made by two or more printing blocks or plates on the same sheet of paper, as when printing an image in several colors

relief printmaking technique in which a block of linoleum is carved so as to leave image areas raised above the surface of the block; in function. Also the resultant print

type of relief printing in which a hard, laminated, nondirectional wood surface is used as the matrix

process of building up by layers

cut into with a sharp tool

pointed cutting tool used by engravers

cutting tool used by engravers and sculptors

printing process in which metal plates are incised, covered with ink, wiped, and pressed against paper. The paint receives the image of the areas that are below the surface of the matrix

in printmaking an intaglio process in which plates of copper, zinc, or steel are cut with a burin and the ink image is pressed onto paper

variation of engraving in which the surface of the matrix is cut with a needle to make rough edges. In print-making, rough edges make soft rather than crisp lines

an intaglio process in which the matrix is first covered with an acid-resistant ground. The ground is removed from certain areas with a needle, and the matrix is dipped in acid, which eats away at the areas exposed by the needle. These areas become grooves that are inked and printed

an acid-resistant substance used to protect nonimage areas of the plate from the action of the acid

nonlinear engraving process in which the matrix is pitted with a hatcher

a serrated cutting tool with a wide, curved edge that roughens the surface of the plate. An engraving instrument that leaves a metal matrix printed

etching technique in which a metal plate is colored with acid-resistant resin and heated, causing the resin to melt. Before printing, areas of the plate are then exposed by a needle, and the plate receives an acid bath before being printed. Aquatint can be manipulated to resemble washes

soft-ground etching

etching technique in which a ground of softened wax yields effects similar to those of pencil or crayon drawings

lift-ground etching

etching technique in which a sugar solution is brushed onto a resin-coated plate, creating the illusion of a brush and ink drawing

inkless intaglio process

surface printing process in which an image is drawn onto a matrix with a greasy wax crayon. The matrix is dampened, but the waxed areas repel water. The matrix is then inked, but the ink adheres only to the waxed areas. When the matrix is pressed against paper, the paper receives the image of the crayon

planographic painting

method of printing from a flat surface, such as lithography

offset lithography

variation of lithography in which the image is hand-drawn by the artist on mylar

printmaking process in which stencils are applied to a screen of silk or similar material stretched on a frame. Paint or ink is forced through the open areas of the stencil onto the paper beneath. Also termed silk-screen printing

silk-screen printing

printmaking process in which stencils are applied to a screen of silk or similar material stretched on a frame. Paint or ink is forced through the open areas of the stencil onto the paper beneath. Also termed serigraphy

T-shaped tool with a rubber blade used to remove liquid from a surface

photo-silk screen

variation of serigraphy (silk-screen) that allows the artist to create photographic images on a screen covered with a light-sensitive gel

a technique in which paint is brushed onto a matrix that is pressed against a sheet of paper, yielding a single print

creation of animated cartoons; the photographing of a series of drawings, each of which shows a stage of movement that differs slightly from the previous one, so that the figures in them appear to move when projected in rapid succession

early camera consisting of a large dark chamber with a lens opening, through which an image is projected onto the opposite surface in its natural colors

unposed, informal

photographic art of creating motion pictures

a shot made from very close range, providing intimate detail

color negative film

color film from which negatives are made

color reversal film

color film from which color prints (positives) are made directly (without the intervening step of creating negatives)

production of images by artists with the assistance of the computer. Artists can use the computer to create art for its own sake or as a design tool, as in architecture and graphic design

computer assisted design

use of the computer to assist artists and designers working in other media, such as architecture

photographic print that is made by placing the negative in contact with another sheet of photosensitive paper and exposing them both to light so that the second sheet of paper acquires the image

photograph made from a silver-coated copper plate. Named after the innovator of the method, Louis Daguerre

art forms that make use of or are developed with the assistance of electronic instruments such as computers that store and manipulate information through the use of series of zeroes and ones (digits); including but not limited to Web design, graphic design, and digital photography

digital photography

photography that stores visual information electronically rather than by means of film

a fading technique in which the current scene grows dimmer as the subsequent scene grows brighter

rearranging a film or video record to provide a more coherent or interesting narrative or presentation of the images

suspension of a salt of silver in gelatin or collodion that is used to coat film and photographic plates

the gradual dimming or brightening of a scene, used as a transition between scenes

thin sheet of cellulose material that is coated with a photosensitive substance

process in which bitumen is placed on a pewter plate to create a photosensitive surface which is exposed to the sun. From the Greek helios, meaning sun

lensless photography method in which laser light produces three-dimensional images by splitting into two beams and recording the original subject and its reflection in a mirror

transparent substance with at least one curved surface that causes the convergence or divergence of light rays passing through. In the eye and the camera, lenses are used to focus images onto photosensitive surfaces

a shot made from a great distance, providing an overview of a scene

dark yellow color derived from an earthy clay

move a motion picture or video camera from side to aide to capture a comprehensive or continuous view of a subject

parallel editing

shifting back and forth from one event or story line to another

a surface that is sensitive to light and therefore capable of recording images

illusion of three dimensions by simultaneously viewing two photographs of a scene that are taken from slightly different angles, as the scene would be seen by two eyes

the aperture of a lens, which is typically adjustable; the f-number

early motion picture projector

free standing sculpture

sculpture that is carved or cast in the round, unconnected to any architectural member, which can be viewed from any of the 360º of vantage points achieved by walking around it in a circle. It can also be designed for a niche, in whose placement one's points of view are limited

relief sculpture

sculpture that is carved to ornament architecture or furniture, as opposed to freestanding sculpture

sculpture that project only slightly from its background (from bas, French for " low")

sculpture that projects from its background by at least half it natural depth

the removal of material, as in carving

adding or assembling materials, as in modeling and constructing

the process of cutting away material, such as wood

process of creating a form by pouring a liquid material into a mold, allowing it to harden, and then removing the mold

pattern or matrix for giving form to something in a molten or plastic state; a frame on which something is modeled

lost-wax technique

bronze-casting process in which an initial mold is made from a model (usually clay) and filled with molten wax. A second, fire-resistant mold is made from the wax, and molten bronze is cast in it

constructed sculpture

sculpture in which forms are built up from such materials as wood, paper and string, and sheet metal and wire

change the environment and you change how the viewer perceives it

work of art that consists of three-dimensional objects assembled to create an image. Artists often manipulate preexisting objects in various ways and incorporate them with other media, such as paining or printmaking

found objects that are exhibited as works of art, frequently after being placed in a new contest with a new title

use of two or more media to create a single image

art that moves, such as the mobile

work of art in which large amounts of earth or land are shaped into a sculpture

site specific art

art that is produced in or for one location and is not intended to be relocated

works that have a temporary immediacy or are built with the recognition that they will disintegrate

works created for public spaces

site-specific public art that is intended to preserve the memory of a person or an event

usually carved or inscribed stone slab or pillar used for commemorative purposes

art and science of designing buildings, bridges, and other structures to help us meet our personal and communal needs

tensile strength

the ability of a material to span horizontal distances with minimum support from underneath

post and lintel

construction in which vertical elements (posts) are used to support horizontal crosspieces (lintels)

column has no base, nothing separating it from the floor below; its capital, the topmost part between the shaft of the column and the roof or lintel, is a plain stone slab above a rounded stone

column has a stepped base and a carved capital in the form of two graceful spirals known as volutes

corinthian style

column has a more detailed base and a capital of delicately carved acanthus leaves

curved or pointed structure consisting of wedge-shaped blocks that span an open space and support the weight of material above by transferring the load outward and downward over two vertical supports, or piers

the wedge-shaped stone placed in the top center of an arch

compressive strength

degree to which a material can withstand the pressure of being squeezed

any series of arches other than an arcade used to create space

oofed-over space or tunnel constructed as an elongated arch

a vault that is constructed by placing barrel vaults at right angles so that a square is covered

support or prop up construction with a projecting structure, usually built of brick or stone; a massive masonry structure on the exterior wall of a building whose function is to press inward and upward in order to hold the stone blocks of arches in place

the area or space spanned by a single unit of vaulting that may be marked off by piers or columns

style of Western European art and architecture developed between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries C.E.. An architecture, characterized by ribbed vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and high, steep roofs

arch that comes to a point at top rather than being rounded

flying buttress

structure that connects a buttress on the exterior of a building with the interior vault that it supports

a hemispherical structure that is round when viewed from beneath

vertical elements (posts) and horizontal timbers (beams) are pieced together with wooden pegs

rigid, triangular frame used for supporting structures such as roofs and bridges

balloon framing

a wooden skeleton of a building constructed from prefabricated studs and nails

hard alloy of iron that contains silicon and carbon and is made by casting

steel-cage construction

method of building that capitalizes on the strength of steel by piecing together slender steel beams to form the skeleton of a structure

structure invented by R. Buckminster Fuller, based on triangles arranged into tetrahedrons (or four-faced solids)

expert handiwork, or work done by hand

works of art, decorative or useful, that are skillfully made by hand

combination of the visual elements of art according to principles of design such as balance and unity

tan, porous pottery fired at a relatively low temperature (below 2,000o F)

decorate with designs that are raised above a surface

the art of ornamenting fabric with needlework

apply a hard, glossy coating to a surface. A coating of this type

slender, threadlike structure that can be woven

finespun glass filaments that can be woven into textiles

hard, bright glass that contains lead oxide

totality of what the viewer sees in a work of art—the product of the composition of the visual elements

action for which a thing is specially fitted or used or for which a thing exists; implies a definite end or purpose that a particular kind of work it is intended to perform

to coat a pained surface with a semi-transparent color that provides a glassy or glossy finish. In ceramics, to apply a liquid suspension of powdered material to the surface of a ware. After drying, the ware is fired at a temperature that causes the ingredients to melt together to form a hard, glossy coating

industrial design

planning and artistic enhancement of industrial products

kind of porcelain developed by Josiah Wedgwood. Jasper (also called Jasperware) is characterized by a dull green or blue surface and raised white designs

abbreviation for logotype

artist or craftsman who works with metal, especially in making sculptures, jewelry, etc

containing pores and thus not permitting the passage of fluids

type of weave in which knots are tied then cut, forming an even surface

type of weave in which the woof thread passes above one warp fiber and below the next

hard, white, translucent, nonporous clay body. The bisque is fired at a relatively low temperature and the glaze at a high temperature

pots, bowls, dishes, and similar wares made of clay and hardened by heat. A shop at which such objects are made

type of weave in which the woof passes above and below several warp threads at a time

hard, glossy mineral compound of silicon and oxygen

stainless steel

steel made virtually immune to corrosion by being alloyed with chromium or other metals

ceramic that is fired at from about 2,300 to 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit. The resultant object is usually gray but can be tan or reddish. Stoneware is nonporous or slightly porous and is used in dinnerware and ceramic sculpture

hard, reddish brown earthenware used in sculpture and pottery; usually left unglazed

ceramics, the process of shaping that takes place on the potter's wheel

designs by sewing or tying folds in cloth to prevent a dye from reaching certain areas

type of weave with broken diagonal patterns

art of designing, arranging, and setting type for printing

to become hard, glassy, nonporous

pottery or porcelain; a good to be sold by a merchant

the threads that run lengthwise in a loom and which are crossed by the weft or woof

making of fabrics by the interlacing of threads or fibers, as on a loom

the yarns that are carried back and forth across the warp

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