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Anatomical Kinesiology

Terms in this set (82)

structural kinesiology
structures that cause/contribute to motion/movement
medial
closer to midline
lateral
away from midline
superior
closer to head
inferior
away from the head
plantar
bottom of foot
dorsal
top of hand or foot
agonist
muscle most responsible for the joint movement
antagonist
opposite of agonist
example of anteromedial
sternum, nose
example of superolateral
ears
example of posteroinferior
calves, heels
example of inferomedial
medial part of ankle, big toe
active range of motion
on your own, muscles that cross the joint perform that motion
passive range of motion
done for you, therapist, machine, stretching
resistive range of motion
against resistance, weights, push ups
goniometer
measures range of motion angles
frontal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
transverse plane
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
biomechanical definition of center of mass
point at which all mass acts, where all 3 planes cross each other
corresponding axis for sagittal plane
medial-lateral
ex. elbow flexion
corresponding axis for frontal plane
anterior-posterior
ex. jumping jacks
corresponding axis for transverse plane
longitudinal or polar
ex. rotation of head
purpose of the skeletal system
protect internal organs
facilitate muscle action and body movement
provide muscle attachment sites
production of RBCs
structural properties of the skeletal system
second only to dentin/enamel as the hardest part of the body
metabolically active throughout life
highly vascular
adaptive to mechanical demands (wolff's law)
mineral salts (calcium and phosphates) make bone hard and rigid
collagen fibers allow for pliability
allows for STABILITY and MOBILITY
irregular bones
asymmetrical shape
generally in a position to withstand direct loading
provide for limited range of motion
ex. vertebrae
flat bones
small, compact shaped bones
the length and the width are comparable
designed to fit into unique spaces within the body
usually around or near gliding joints
ex. wrist, ankle
long bones
long central shaft and are topped at either end with load bearing surfaces
designed to provide long levers throughout the body
ex. humerus, femur
diaphysis
central shaft of long bone
periosteum
dense, fibrous membrane covering diaphysis of long bone
epiphysis
end of the long bone, articulates with adjacent bone
sesamoid bones
usually small and flat in general shape
provides joints a fulcrum to work against
fx to protect, increase mechanical advantage
ex. patella and sesamoids
epiphyseal plate
where longitudinal bone growth occurs, seals at 18-25 years of age
tension
bone is being pulled along long axis
ex. fracture at the base of the pinkie toe at insertion of peroneous brevis
compression
bone is being pushed along long axis
ex. fracture of vertebrae in the elderly
bending
compression and tension on opposite sides
tension is the weaker side, usually breaks on this side
shear
forces acting in opposite directions across the long axis of the bone
ex. ACL tear
torsion
forces cause a rotation force along the long axis of the bone
ex. torsional fracture of the femur
condyle
big rounded part @ end of bone to articulate with another bone
ex. large ends of femur and humerus
epicondyle
little condyle on top of big condyle
where muscle inserts/originates
facet
small flat surface between vertebrae
foramen
opening or hole in bone
fossa
shallow dish in bone, for articulation
process
bony protuberance
tuberosity
raised part of bone
tendon/ligament attachment site
Joint=
articulation
point at which 2+ bones are connected to each other
bones rotate about a central axis
this rotation is what causes the movement
synarthrotic joint
non movable
gomphoses, suture of cranial bones
amphiarthrotic joint
slightly movable
syndesmosis (ligaments) between tibia/fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, interoseus membrane
synchondrosis (cartilage) at pubic symphysis
diarthrotic joint
extremely movable
based on how many axes the articulating bones can move
gliding joint
diarthrotic joint
nonaxial
movement occurs as one bone slides past another without an axis
ex. carpals, tarsals, distal radio/ulna
hinge joint
diarthrotic joint
uniaxial (1 axis 1 plane)
can only flex and extend
ex. elbow
pivot joint
diarthrotic joint
uniaxial (1 axis 1 plane)
ex. axis & atlas, proximal radioulnar joint
condyloid joint
diarthrotic joint
biaxial (2 planes, 2 axes)
one bone is concave, one convex
allows for passive motion with no muscles that causes the movement (circular movement)
ex. tibiofemoral joint
ellipsoid joint
diarthrotic joint
biaxial
one concave end, one convex
does NOT allow for passive rotation
ex. radial-carpal (wrist), metacarpophalangeal (MCP)
saddle joint
diarthrotic joint
triaxial
both sides are concave
ex. thumb
ball and socket joint
diarthrotic joint
triaxial
ex. hip, shoulder
joint actions
term that allows everyone to know the particular movement of the joint
ex. flexors, extendors
flexion
decrease the angle
toward the fetal position
extension
increase the angle
away from the fetal position
ankle specific motions
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
inversion
eversion
hip and shoulder specific motions
horizontal abduction/adduction-with segment flexed, segment is moved in the transverse plane, away/toward the midline
circumduction-cone movement
pelvic specific motions
motions defined by ASIS
anterior/posterior pelvic girdle rotation- ASIS rotates forward/backward in the sagittal plane
right/left transverse pelvic girdle rotation- right/left ASIS rotates posteriorly
right/left lateral pelvic girdle rotation-right/left ASIS moves inferiorly
**ask which side is moving up
right side: L. lat pelvic girdle rotation
left side: R. lat pelvic girdle rotation
lumbar specific motions
right/left lateral lumbar flexion- upper body flexes to the right/left to decrease the angle between the shoulders and the hip
(right/left lateral bending)
*going back to neutral is called reduction*
shoulder-scapula specific motions
movements determined by the overall movement of the scapula
UPWARD/downward rotation-inferior angle moves SUPERIORLY/inferiorly and LATERALLY/medially
protraction-the vertebral border of the scapula moves away from the midline
retraction-the vertebral border of the scapula moves toward the midline
elevation/depression-scapula moves upward/downward
radio-ulnar specific motions
pronation/supination-palm up/down
POUR SOUP**
wrist specific motions
radial deviation-radial flexion, thumb moves toward forearm
ulnar deviation-ulna flexion, pinkie moves toward the forearm
turning force
moment, torque
irritability
responds to stimulation by a chemical neurotransmitter (ACh)
contractibility
ability to shorten (50-70%) usually limited by a joint range of motion
opposite of distensibility
distensibility
ability to stretch of lengthen
corresponds to stretching of the perimysium, spimysium, and fascia
elasticity
ability to return to normal state after lengthening
skeletal muscle function
active contractile component develops force
-dependent on neural factors, mechanical factors, fiber type, muscle architecture
muscle force transmitted through the tendon to bony insertion
-muscle force on bone creates joint torque (moment), affected by muscle force, moment arm, joint position
tissue types
muscle tissue (contractile)
connective tissue (elastic)-tendon, separates muscle into compartments (epi, peri, endomysium)
contracile component
active shortening of muscle through actin and myosin structures
parallel elastic component
parallel to contractile element of muscle, the connective tissue network residing in the perimysium, and other connective tissues that surround the muscle fibers
series elastic component
in series with the contractile component
resides in the cross bridges between the actin and myosin filaments and the tendons
sarcomere
functional unit, smallest contractile unit of muscle
length-tension relationship force development within muscles
1. cross-bridge interaction
2. contractile and elastic elements
3. inverted U
concentric
joint angle changes in the direction of the applied force
eccentric
joint angle changes in the direction of the resistance or external force
isometric
total muscle length stays the same under tension
R = F
holding something still
isokinetic
muscle action in which the length of the muscle changes at the same speed throughout the range of motion (same speed, variable resistance)
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