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Religion 1310 Exam 1

Terms in this set (68)

devotional approach
-religious approach
- what does the bible say to me?
cultural approach
-how has the bible impacted western civilization?
academic approach
-historical approach
-what did the bible mean to those who wrote it and those who first heard it?
-what impact did the bible have on the people hearing the scripture for the first time?
the world within the text
-looking at stories as literary creations
-the stories told
-characters, structure, etc
-multiple layers in stories
the world behind the text
-looking at historical context and setting of when bible was created
-being aware of where stories are set and written
-what were the living conditions of the people at the time of bible creation?
-gospels were written after jesus's death so what changed because this could influence the writing and interpretations
the world in front of the text
-being aware of the thousands of years of interpretation that lie between us today and the world when the bible was written
-we bring assumptions to the text
textual criticism
-reconstructing the text
-sort through and figure out what they say
-textual variants
-what does the text mean
form criticism
-understanding genres
-knowing that the bible is a collection of multiple genres
-how did the genres function 2000+ years ago
-discover author's intention in writing the text
-understanding genre is key to understand text
source criticism
-there are different authors being pulled from
-attempts to determine the author of the text
- key places: pentateuch, gospels
redaction criticism
-how authors edited text
-why and how you put texts together
-what are causing variations in edit (intended story presenting, morals, etc)
-looks at how writers shaped and edited text
-Matthew, Mark, and Luke all tell same story with different detail : redaction criticism needed
rhetorical criticism
-looks at the way in which authors use rhetoric to convey points to audience
-how rhetoric influences persuasive nature of text
advocacy criticism
-reflects different interpretations depending on reader
-feminists
-african american
-liberationist (focuses more on christ as a liberator from hardship)
textual criticism problems
-no orignal manuscript, only copies of copies of copies
john mill
-look at 100 greek manuscripts and found 30,000 textual variants
textual variants
-5700 greek manuscripts
-10,000+ manuscripts in latin, syriac, coptic, etc
scribes
-a dopiest who is doing the writing of copying text
-usually monks
papyrus
-paper made of reeds
-cheap and plentiful
-oldest but easily destroyed
parchment
-dried animal skin
-expensive
-not as old as papyrus
-lasts long time
-often cluttered
uncials
-all caps writing
codex
-book made of parchment bound together
minuscules
-all lower case and cursive writing
vellum
-paper made of animal skin
lectio continua
-no spaces between words
textual mistake causes
-lectio continua
-no punctuation
unintentional errors of text
-of the ear
-of the eye
-of judgment
of the eye error
-confusion of letters
-theta or o?
-transposition of letters
-copy a single letter twice on accident
of the ear error
-mishear the text as it is being read to you
-wait vs weight
of judgement error
-missed a line of text so write in margin, next guy doesn't know if it is added/forgotten text or marginal notes --> add or leave out? use judgment
intentional errors of text
changes made in order to
-improve the text (correct poor grammar)
-correct mistakes
-harmonize accounts
-avoid theological/doctrinal problems (Jesus getting left behind at age 12 - change from "your father and I" to "we")
lectio difilicior
-the more complicated reading is probably the original
lectio brevior
-the shorter text is probably the original
-it makes more sense scribes would add information to harmonize gospels rather than trim down text
canon
-religious scripture
masoretic text
-hebrew version of scriptures
-"base text" to which other manuscripts are compared in textual criticism
septuagint
-LXX
-greek translation of hebrew scripture
-longer than masoretic text
Deuterocanonical books
-apocryphia
-not included in canon
dead sea scrolls
-discovered at Qumran in 1947
-oldest hebrew manuscript
-most famous archeological discovery related to the bible
pentateuch
-first 5 books of the bible
-Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy
TANAK
-hebrew bible
torah
-teachings
-instructions
nevi'im
-prophets
kethuvim
-writings
council of jamnia
-convention where hebrew bible was formalized
-excluded believers in jesus as the messiah
-now israel
cosmology
-how one understands the world around them
enuma elish
-babylonian genesis (creation story)
-marduk
-champion of younger gods
-kills tiamat and uses carcass to make dome over creation
-creates humans as slaves for gods
-explains why to worship marduk : he created people and the world
prometheus and pandora
-story of how first woman and man introduced sin into the world (garden of eden)
-prometheus gives fire to man, punishment is gods send pandora to prometheus, pandora opens her box and lets out all evil
the deluge tablet
-flood story
-ziusudra
-hero
-builds float to save family and animals from flood
-babylonian
epic of gilgamesh
-flood story
-gilgamesh searches for immortality
-meets ancestor, utnapishtim
-utnapishtim is the only survivor of the flood, the gods told him to build a float
-mesopotamia
atrahasis epic
-flood story
-atrahasis
-hero
-builds boat because god, Enki, warns him
-gods create humas, then quarrel over them
-people too noisy so gods send flood
-babylonian
creation stories
-enuma elish
-prometheus and pandora
flood stories
-deluge tablet
-epic of gilgamesh
-atrahasis epic
conservative response
-pretend like there are no problems / texts don't exist
liberal response
-reject bible because it isn't unique
Peter Enns
-inspiration and incarnation
-says to approach bible as a myth
-An ancient, pre-modern, pre-scientific way of addressing questions of ultimate origins and meaning in the form of stories: Who are we? Where do we come from?"
-put the bible into context of the time
-it made sense with what they knew and what info they had
augustine
-warns against trying to conceive something like God when he is beyond time and space
-god and his creations and greater than our understanding
-science and religion have two different languages
-science: empirical language
-religion: language of meaning
john calvin
-god accommodates himself to his audience
-divine accommodation
-god dumbs down for humans
CS Lewis
-inspiration from ancient texts (being predated) doesn't take away the significance of Genesis
toledot
-generations
-Occurs 12 times in Genesis, twice as repetitions
-Of the ten that remain:
-5 occur in Genesis 1-11 (primeval)
-5 occur in Genesis 12-50 (ancestral
history)
Documentary Hypothesis
-J
-E
-D
-P
J
-yahwist source
-focuses on human feelings
-love for royal house of david
-anthromorphism
-sin = trying to be like god
-stresses locations in judah
E
-elohim source
-only survives in fragments
-god is distant (visits in dreams, angelic visits, etc)
-emphasis on locations in israel
-fear of god = recurring theme
D
-dueteronimistic source
-not combined with other sources
P
-priestly source
-focuses on divine blessing, not sin
-genalogies connect people and events
-emphasis on social and religious role of priests
-uses variety of names for god
-stress on judah
3 major genesis cycles
-abraham
-jacob
-joseph
2 minor genesis cycles
-esau
-ishmael
divine - human relationship
-promise and covenant
-god of the fathers
-growing distance between god and humans
offspring
-firstborn
-barrenness
-matriarchs
land
-distinct patch that will be sacred (israel)
7 days of creation
1. light, darkness
2. sky, sea
3. dry land, vegetation
4. sun, moon, stars
5. birds, fish
6. land animals, humans
7. rest
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