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EXAM 1

Terms in this set (83)

Transverse Section - What is It?
Transverse plane
Splits body into a top half and a bottom half
Proximal vs Distal
proximal=closest to body attachment /distal=farthest from attachment to body
Superior vs Inferior
superior=above (cranial)/inferior=below (caudal)
Origin vs Insertion
origin=direct attachment/ insertion=indirect attachment
Dorsal vs. Anterior
dorsal=back/anterior=front
Medial vs Lateral
medial= closest to midline/lateral= farthest from midline
Sagittal Cut - What is it?
Splits body into a L/R halves
What is an Organ?
A group of tissues with a common function
Muscle Tissue
movement-involuntary/involuntary
Harversian Systems - Where are they found?
Holes in the osteon to supply the bone with blood and nutrients
Types of Connective Tissue
collagen-strength/ elastic-stretch/reticular-shape
Osteoclast
Breaks down bone
Lamellae bone
One one of the rings
Diaphysis
Long part of long bones
ligaments vs. Tendons
Ligaments attaches bone to bone while a tendon attaches bone to muscle
Embryonic Skeleton
Made of mostly hyaline cartilage that will later calcify from the osteoblasts laying down bone tissue
osteocytes
bone cells
axis
c2
atlas
c1
Transverse Foreman
Found in cervical vertebrae where major blood vessels pass through (there are 7 cervical vertebrae)
Lumbar Vertebrae
There are 5, in the bottom of the spine
Disc - What makes it up?
Fibrous cartilage on the outer part while the inner part is the nucleus pulposus which is a jelly substance
Sternal Angle
Connects manubrium and the body of the sternum together
Axial Skeletal System
Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs
saddle joint
thumb
what holds the pituitary
sella tursica
Ribs - True/False Floating
true=1-7, false=8-10, false=11-12
FIBROUS = SYNARTHROSIS
no movement (sutures in skull, epiphyseal plate, tooth in socket)
CARTILAGINOUS=AMPHIARTHROSIS
slightly movable (pubic symphysis, disks inveterately
SYNOVIAL = DIARTHROSIS
freely movable
plane joint
non axial ex.carpels
pivot
rotation (ulna/radius & c1/c2)
condyloid
biaxial(phalanges & knuckles)
ball socket
multiaxial (humerus/glenoid & shoulder/ antebellum)
hinge
single axis (elbow/knee)
types of movement
flexion= decrease angle vs elevation= increase angle/ abduction=away vs adduction=towards / elevation=rise vs depresse bring down / protract= push out vs retraction= pull back / circumduction= a circle 360 vs rotation= 180 circle / pronation= palms down vs supranation palms up / dorsiflexion=foot up vs plantar flew=foot down
fracture repair
hematoma forms, clast cleans the break, osteoblasts forms callous, then bone remodels
Aponeurosis
A pearly white fibrous tissue that takes place of a tendon in sheetlike muscles having wide area attachment
coelum
forms ventral body cavities by splitting mesoderm
keratin
glycolipid that makes up skin and nails
Melanocytes
gives skin pigment
rheumatoid arthritis
auto immune disease that attacks synovial joints it can cause osteoarthritis
osteoarthritis
wear and tear disease that can be caused my rheumatoid
endocrine
release chemicals via bloodstream
exocrine
release chemicals via ducts
basal cell carcinoma
less malignant, common, superficial
squamas cell carcinoma
cartoncytes cause this
melonima
melanocytes, most dangerous
Stratum corneum
Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead cells
represented only by flat membranous sacs filled
with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space.
LAYER 1
Stratum granulosum
Three to five layers of flattened cells, organelles
deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellated granules
(release lipids) and keratohyaline granules.
LAYER 2
Stratum spinosum
Several layers of keratinocytes unified by
desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles of
intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
LAYER 3
Stratum basale
Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively mitotic
stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of
the more superficial layers. See occasional
melanocytes and dendritic cells.
LAYER 4
stratum lueiduna
clear layer of cells found in the palms and soles
dermis
connective tissue- anchors epidermis
papillary layer of dermis
loose areolar connective
dermal ridges make fingerprints
reticular layer of dermis
makes up 80% of dermis
dense irregular connective tissue
stretch marks (not many elastin fibers)
tattoos
hypodermis
dense irregular connective tissue and fat tissue
meiosis
sexual reproduction
mitosis
growth (after zygote)
twins
maternal=1egg
fraternal=2 eggs
DERM layers
ectoderm=brain & spinal cord/ top layer of skin
endoderm=lining of digestive and respiratory tracts
mesoderm
fasicale
10+ muscle fibers bundled up
ENDOMYSIUM
WRAPS MYO-CYTE
PERIMYSIUM
wraps fascicle
EPIMYSIUM
wraps muscle
PERIOSTEUM
anchors muscle to bone
sacromers
contractile unit of the muscle
actin and myosin work together
titin brings muscle back to its shape
fast glycolytic
no O2
upper limbs
burns only glucose
slow oxidative
uses O2 postural control fatigue slow
fast oxidative
lower limbs
uses O2
fatigue fast
SHOULDER- SCAPULAR SLING
Trapezius
Levator scapular
Rhomboids
Pectoralis MINOR
Serratus Ventralis
ALL INSERT ON SCAPULAR
ROTATOR CUFF
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
ALL ORIGINATE OFF SCAPULAR
humerus muscles
DELTOIDS
LATISSUMUS DORSI
TERES MAJOR
PECTORAL MAJOR
COROCOBRACHIALIS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
forearm
BRACHIALIS
BICEPS BRACHII
TRICEPS BRACHII
BRACHIORADIALIS
abdominal muscles
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
INTERNAL OBLIQUE
TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS
RECTUS ABDOMINIS
QUARDRATUS LUMBORUM
ILIOPSOAS
lower limb muscles
HIP MUSCLES
ILIOPSOAS
GLUTEALS
TENSOR FASCIA LATA
THIGH MUSCLES
QUADRECEPS
RECTUS FEMORIS
(3) VASTUS MUSCLES
SARTORIUS
lower compartments
ANTERIOR-dorsi flex
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
POSTERIOR-plantar flex
GASTROCNEMEUS
SOLEUS
LATERAL- evert foot
PERONEUS MUSCLES
thigh compartments
medial-adducts
ADDUCTOR FEMORIS
PECTINEUS
GRACILIS
posterior-flex hip/ extend knee
BICEPS FEMORIS
SEMITENDINOSUS
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS
anterior-extend hip/flex knee
QUADRECEPS
RECTUS FEMORIS
(3) VASTUS MUSCLES
SARTORIUS
isotonic contraction
contraction w/motion
isometric contraction
contraction without motion
concentric contraction
muscle contracting
eccentric contraction
muscle slowly releasing its self from contraction
arm compartments
post. (elbow) extension
anterior flexion
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