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Pharmacology and pharmacy

Terms in this set (46)

Pharmacology
The study of drugs
Controlled substances
Group of prescription drugs that have potential for addiction or abuse
Parenteral administration
Injected into tissues
Nonparenteral administration
Administered orally
Dosage
Expression of the amount of drug per body weight
Dose
Amount of drug in units that will be given with each administration
Drug distribution
Movement of an absorbed drug from the body to the various tissues of the body
Drug metabolism (transformation)
Chemical modification of a drug
-Pro drugs: administered in an inactive form; metabolized to their active form
Drug elimination
The removal of the drug from the body
-Kidneys most responsible
Drug clearance
Rate at which drug is removed from an organ from the body
Half-life
Time required for amount of drug in body to decrease by one-half or 50%
Side effects
Can result from:
•Drug interacting with multiple tissue types
•Multiple cellular targets
•Alteration in patient's physiology
Adverse reactions
•Can occur at standard or inappropriate doses
•Arise when other drugs are given concurrently
•Occur as result of altered drug PK
Idiosyncratic drug reactions
•Unpredictable
•Affect only small portion of treated animals
•May or may not effect multiple species
•Not dose dependent
•Risk of reaction increases with dose
•Do not occur immediatley
•Treatment: drug withdrawal and drug avoidance
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
Periodic measurement of amount of drug in the blood
•Goal is to optimize drug plasma concentration to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity
Common disease that affect drug PK
•Liver disease
•Kidney disease
•Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease
•Alters the distribution of blood flow to tissues
•More blood is distributed to the brain and heart
•Alterations in GI, hepatic and renal blood flow affect drug
•Patients are often on multiple drugs
Kidney disease
•Decreased drug elimination
•Increasing plasma drug concentrations
•Risk of adverse drug reactions or toxicity
•Increased fluid retention
•Potential drug interactions
Liver disease
•Primary site of metabolism
•Difficult to predict need for dosage adjustments
Chemical name
Describes chemical structure
Generic name
Official identifying name used by manufacturers
Trade name
Brand name assigned by individual manufacturers when they produce and market a drug
Antimicrobial drugs
Assist to body's natural defenses in the elimination of bacterial pathogens while minimizing risk for toxicity in patient
Antifungal drugs
•Skin and ear infections are generally treated with topicals
•For duration of therapy, patient must be monitored closely for drug side effects
Antiparasitic drugs
Often used in combination with endoparasitic drugs to broaden their spectrum of activity
Endocrine drugs
•Thyroid supplementation and antithyroid drugs
•Drugs to treat adrenal disease (cushing's and addision's)
•Insulin for diabetes
Thyroid hormone supplementation
Synthetic L-thyroxine
Diuretics
•Used to mobilize edema (fluid in the tissues)
•Goal is to increase sodium and water excretion
Inotropic agents
Drugs used to improve contractility of cardiac muscle fibers
Antihypertensives
Drugs that lower blood pressure
•Enalapril: ACE inhibitors
•Amlodipine: Calcium channel blocker
Antiarrthymics
Used to treat disturbances in heart rhythm
Antitussives
Control coughing
Mucolytics and expectorants
Decrease thickness of mucous and help the body eliminate it
Decongestants
Reduce swelling and congestion of nasal passages
Bronchodilators
Used to widen the lumen of lower airways
Respiratory stimulants
Directly stimulates the respiratory center of the brain; increase respiration
Most commonly used anticonvulsants
Phenobarbital, potassium bromide and levetiracetam
Immunosuppressants
Immune-related disease involve an abnormal immune response against body's own normal tissues or cells
•Most common: glucocorticoids
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Glucocorticoids and NSAID's treat inflammation
Federal
Ensure available drugs are safe, effective and prepared in accordance with manufacturing
State
Control the distribution of drugs within the state
FDA
Food and drug administration
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
Criteria for chemicals defined as drugs
•Drug intended for use in animals other than man
•Includes drug used in animal feed
•Approved by FDA
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)
-Extra-label drug use
Actual use or intended use of a drug in an animal in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved labeling
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