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Journey Across the lifespan chapter 6

Terms in this set (92)

*Two factors that have a large influence on the health of the developing baby are
heredity
environment
Each sperm and ovum contributes
23 chromosomes to the new entity, which is a single celled Zygote
sex of the zygote is determined by
combination of X and Y chromosomes
Ovum always contains
X chromosome
Sperm may contain
X or Y chromosome
If the ovum is fertilized by an X chromosome sperm, the zygote will be
female
if the ovum is fertilized by a Y chromosome sperm, the zygote will be
male
chromosomes carry the
genes
-genes transmit all the genetic info or hereditary characteristics from the parents to the child
*Heredity is controlled by
pairs of genes from both mother and father
*pairing of genes is called
Allele
Genes are found on
DNA
*Dominant genes
capable of expressing their traits over other genes

Characteristics of dominant gene is inherited by 3 out of 4 offspring
recessive genes
can transmit their traits only if they exist in like pairs
Eye color is an example of a trait
that is affected by the dominant-recessive pattern of inheritance
Defects carried on recessive genes
Some examples:
Sickle cell disease, Tay-Sachs disease, and hemophilia
to inherit a recessive trait/disorder, the child must
inherit the recessive gene from both parents
*Karyotype
chromosomal structure of an entity
*Karyotyping
mapping chromosomal structure
can help predict the transmission of certain genetic disorders and is useful in counseling prospective parents
*Genetic counseling
guidance for prospective parents on the likelihood of genetic disorders in their future children

*considered for individuals of specific cultural descents, such as sickle cell disease in African Americans
Tay-Sachs disease in European Jewish descendants
*Prenatal testing includes
chorionic villus sampling
umbilical cord sampling
amniocentesis
carrier detection
ultrasonography
*The environment begins to exercise its influence on the newly formed entity when
the moment life begins
Crucial for a healthy pregnancy
balance of rest and exercise
Both harmful and life-sustaining substances are transmitted from mother to baby through
the placenta
teratogens
chemical or physical substances that can adversely affect the unborn baby
Alcohol by products can cross
the plasma membrane and fetus blood brain barrier
greatest risk for developing fetal alcohol syndrome happens when
first trimester
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome problems
Some:
miscarriages, stillbirths, body malformations, and CNS abnormalities
Cigarette smoking
Teratogenic effects:
low birth weight
growth restriction
colic
respiratory problems
neurological problems
cognitive problems
behavior problems
Marijuana
birth defects
low birth weight
withdrawal like symptoms at birth
increased risk for attention disorders
learning problems
Cocaine
spontaneous abortion
delayed growth
premature labor
low birth weight
small head size
birth defects
impaired neurological development
Caffeine
not a teratogen BUT
4 or more cups of coffee a day may dramatically increase the risk for sudden death in infancy
Maternal factors that affect Fetus
HIV/AIDS
Maternal Stress
Maternal age-35+ likely for complications
Prenatal Period
fertilization to birth
Critical periods
usually first trimester
*illness
*lack of nutrition
*exposure to toxins
From time of menarche in puberty until menopause, ovaries produce
Ova (female sex cells)
28 days an ovum matures and is released in a process known as
ovulation
Puberty on, male testes produce
sperm (male sex cells0
Fertilization takes place in
woman's fallopian tube
zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions and forms a cell mass known as a
morula
Point of implantation(takes about 7 days), the entity is called a
blastocyst

then its called a embryo
After the eighth week, all essential structures are formed and the embryo is now termed a
Fetus
Prenatal development 3 stages
Pre embryonic
embryonic
fetal
Pre Embryonic Stage
fertilization to 2 weeks
Embryonic Stage
2 weeks to 8 weeks
Fetal Stage
9 week to birth
Hormones involved in labor
progesterone
oxytocin
prostaglandins
Progesterone
by ovaries, maintains pregnancy and helps stimulate uterine contractions at the end of the pregnancy
Oxytocin
produced by hypophysis, posterior lobe of pituitary gland

1. stimulates uterine contractions
2. prepares breasts for breastfeeding
Prostaglandins
produced in various tissues throughout the body

*stimulate contractions
Labor and Delivery period 3 distinct stages
1. Dilation, lasts 12-24 hours. (effacement, shortening and thinning of the cervix occurs)
2. expulsion stage, lasts 1 1/2 hours, most difficult, complete dilation to birth of baby
3. shortest stage, 5-30 mins. delivery of baby to delivery of placenta.
Amniotic Fluid
Fills the sac around developing fetus

protective cushion
maintains body temp
allows for movement of fetus
provides a fluid source for the fetus
Placenta
connects mother and fetus

produce hormones
transports nutrients/wastes
protects baby from harmful substances
umbilical cord
link between fetus and placenta

must have three vessels upon delivery (2 arteries, 1 vein)

-oxygen, nutrients from umbilical vein
- deoxygenated blood and wastes return to placenta
Apgar Score
a scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
-color, reflex irritability, heart rate, respiratory rate, and muscle tone
-sum of scores (0, 1, 2)
scores below 5 indicate immediate attention
neonate
a baby from birth to four weeks
infant
1 month to 1 year
Physical Development
Head and skull
Head is large in proportion to rest of body
13-14 inches; increases 3 inches in 8 months
skull is soft to allow passage through birth canal
skull= 6 soft bones
6 skull bones
1 occipital-vision
1 frontal- voluntary movements
2 parietal- processing info about body sensations
2 temporal- hearing
**separated by bands of cartilage (Sutures)
Two spaces or Soft Spots
"Fontanels"
Anterior DIAMOND one closes about 12-18 months
Posterior TRIANGLE one closes by fourth month

*allow skull to accommodate the rapid brain growth
molding
misshapen skull due to head passing through birth canal. TEMPORARY
Brain increases in weight
2.5 times in 1 year
Physical Development
Length
Normal- 19-21 inches
1.5 times longer at 1 year than at birth
At birth
head appears to rest on chest, neck is short, arms/legs short and kept in tightly flexed position
Average weight of newborn
5.5 to 10 lbs
-loses 5-10% of weight in first few days, NPO first few hours
-output exceeds input (Normal Physiological Weight Loss)
************************
-5 to 6 oz per week for 1st month
-doubles by 6 months
-triples by 1 year
*************************
Infant's dehydrate rapidly because
75% of body weight consists of water
Skin
acrocyanosis- blueness, poor circulation
Full pigmentation after several days
pigmentation in earlobes, scrotum, back of neck
Mongolian spot
flat, irregular pigmented area in lumbar sacral region, more melanin in their skin
usually fades about age 4
Lanugo
covering of fine hair over body for a few days
Vernix caseosa
cheesy substance covering the skin of the fetus
Milia
small raised white spots on nose, chin, and forehead
Physiological jaundice
occurs in 48/72 hrs, high RBC
Maternal hormones present in neonate's bloodstream may cause
breasts swollen in neonate
scrotum may appear large
testicles should drop
7 months old
circumcision
removal of foreskin
pseudomenstruation
labia swollen, blood tinged mucous vaginal discharge
Urine of neonate
should pee 8 to 10 times a day
Face
small, eyes swollen
-eyes treated with antibiotic of erythromycin or silver nitrate to prevent blindness
-color varies from slate gray to dark blue
-color determined 3-6 months
-no tears until 4 weeks, when lacrimal ducts develop
Face Cont'd
-flat nose and receding chin
-mouth examined for defects (cleft palate incomplete formation of hard palate)
Teeth
Deciduous teeth (primary teeth) begin 6-7 months
first teeth are two lower central incisors the two upper incisors
by 1 year, 6-8 teeth
Abdomen
Appears large and flabby
umbilical cord falls off in 10 days
-can swallow, digest, metabolize and absorb nutrients
-only simple carbohydrates (Not whole milk)
Fluids
infants - 1 to 3 oz
10 months- 10 ounces
GI motility slower in newborn
cardiac sphincter underdeveloped so BURP after short periods of feeding
Bowel movements
Meconium- first 2 days, greenish black odorless
Transitional- 2/3 days brown to yellow to green
Formula fed- from day 2 pasty yellow or tan
Breastfed- from day 2 light, seeded mustard, sweet odor
Extremeties
short, tight flexed position
examined for ROM, symmetry and reflexes
lower extremities checked for extra gluteal fold (indicates hip dysplasia)
neurological assessment
reflexes, posture, movement, and muscle tone
protective reflexes
blinking, sneezing, swallowing, gag reflex
reflexes present in normal neonate
Moro
Tonic neck
Rooting
Sucking
Babinski
Palmar grasp
Moro
3 to 4 months
sudden movement
Tonic neck
5 months
head being turned to one side, baby stretches its arm and leg on same side
Rooting
4 to 6 months
A reflex when touched on the cheek, the infant turns the head and opens mouth
Sucking
diminishes by 6 months
sucking movements when anything touches lips or tongue
Babinski
3 months
To react to a stroke on the bottom of the foot
Palmar grasp
6wks to 3 months
An infant reflex that occurs when something is placed in the infant's palm; the infant grasps the object.
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