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Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, & Discrimination

Terms in this set (33)

prejudice
negative ATTITUDE based solely on their presumed membership in a group
stereotypes
overgeneralized BELIEFS about traits & attributes of a group
discrimination
negative BEHAVIOR toward individual based solely on their membership of a group
realistic group conflict theory
intital negative feelings between groups often based on a real conflict/competition over scarce resources, culturally transmitted through generations even once original conflict gone
social identity theory
people derive self-worth from their ingroup identifications; most people like themselves & demonstrate self-serving bias
scapegoating
people who feel inferior, guilty, anxious, unsuccessful blame outgroups for their troubles to increase sense of control
ethnocentrism
viewing the world through our own cultural value system & thereby judging actions/people based on our own culture's views of right wrong good bad
symbolic racism
tendency to express negative biases held about a racial outgroup, not directly, but at social policies seen as benefitting that group
terror management theory
people must sustain faith in the validity of their own cultural worldview so that it can continue to offer psychological security in the face of our personal vulnerability & mortality
authoritarian personality
uncritical acceptance of authority, preference for well-defined power arrangements in society, adherence to conventional values & moral codes, tendency to think in rigid black-and-white terms
right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)
believe social world is inherently dangerous/unpredictable; maintaining security in personal & social lives requires upholding society's order/tradition/cohesion
social dominance orientation
world viewed as ruthlessly competitive jungle where it is appropriate/right for powerful groups to dominate weaker ones
need for structured knowledge
tendency to think in simple, clear-cut ways
institutional discrimination
unfair restrictions on opportunities for certain groups through institutional policies, structural power relations, & formal laws
ambivalent racism
racial attitudes influenced by 2 clashing sets of values: belief in individualism & egalitarianism
aversive racism
conflicting, often unconscious, negative feelings/beliefs about AAs that Whites have, even though most support racial equality & do not knowingly discriminate
implicit prejudice
negative attitudes or affective reactions associated with an outgroup, for which the individual has little/no conscious awareness & can be automatically activated in intergroup encounters
implicit association test (IAT)
measures relative difficulty people can have in automatically associating black faces w good thoughts
kernel of truth hypothesis
even in cases where there is a kernel of truth, the stereotype leads to an unjustified jump beyond descriptive differences to assumptions about essential differences in traits & abilities
social role theory
we infer stereotypes that describe who people are from the roles that we see people play; used to explain strong/persistent stereotypes about men & women
stereotype content model
stereotypes develop from how groups relate to one another along 2 dimensions (warmth & competence) based on judgements of status & cooperation/likability
illusory correlation
tendency to assume association between 2 rare occurrences (being in minority group & performing negative actions) when there is none!!*
justification suppression model
people endorse & freely express stereotypes to justify their own negative affective reactions to outgroups
dehumanization
hold stereotypic views of outgroup members as animals rather than humans
infrahumanization
outgroup members lack qualities unique to humans
sexual objectification
tendency to think about women in a narrow way, as objects rather than full humans, as if their physical appearance is all that matters
objectification theory
cultural value placed on women's appearance leads society to view women as objects & less as human beings
system justification theory
complementary/ambivalent stereotypes help maintain status quo by justifying the way things are
ambivalent sexism
the pairing of hostile beliefs about women with benevolent but patronizing beliefs about them
outgroup homogeneity effect
view individuals in outgroups as more similar to each other than they really are
shooter bias
mistakenly see objects in hands of black men as guns
ultimate attribution error
people believe outgroup members' bad actions occur because of internal dispositions & their good actions occur because of the situation
linguistic intergroup bias
describe stereotypic behaviors (positive ingroup & negative outgroup) in abstract terms, while describing counterstereotypic behaviors (negative ingroup & positive outgroup) in concrete terms
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