Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

chap 10

Terms in this set (71)

characteristics of genetic material
-Encode complex information
-Replicate itself with extreme level of fidelity
-Encode the phenotype
DNA contains four nitrogenous base
adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
The molar amount of adenine always equals the molar amount of __________
thymine
The molar amount of guanine always equals the molar amount of __________
cytosine
the molar amount of _________ can vary widely
(G+C)
Type IIIS (virulent) bacteria are injected into a mouse
mouse dies
Type IIR (nonvirulent) bacteria are injected into a mouse.
mouse lives
Heat-killed type IIIS bacteria are injected into a mouse.
mouse lives
A mixture of type IIR bacteria and heat-killed type IIIS bacteria are injected into a mouse.
mouse dies
Type IIR-type bacteria could be transformed to Type IIIS-type bacteria with ____________
DNA, but not with RNA or protein
Type IIR bacteria treated with _________ contain transformed type IIIS bacteria
protease or RNase
Type IIR bacteria treated with _________ did not contain transformed type IIIS bacteria
DNase
Hershey-Chase Experiment
confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because only radiolabeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria
Three-dimensional structure data came from ________
X-ray diffraction
primary level
nucleotide sequence
secondary level
helical structure
tertiary level
chromatin organization
DNA is a ________
polymer
nucleotides
Chain composed of repeating subunits
Length of the polymer can ___________
vary tremendously
_________ is the largest macromolecule in the cell
DNA
nucleotides have three components
nitrogen containing base, pentose sugar, phosphate
nitrogen containing base
purine or pyrimidine
pentose sugar
a five-carbon sugar
phosphate
1,2 or 3 phosphates
carbons 1'-4' in penpose sugar are jointed to ____________ to form a five sided ring
oxygen atom
5'c is joined to _______
4'c
phosphate is usually attached to _________
5'c atom
RNA has -OH attached to ________-
2'c
RNA is is more reactive and less stable than _________
DNA
RNA has ________ instead of thymine
uracil
Each nucleotide is joined to the next by a ___________
phosphodiester bond
During DNA or RNA synthesis, the 5'-phosphate of the nucleotide forms a phosphodiester bond with_______________ of the polynucleotide chain
the hydroxyl (-OH) on the 3'-carbon
The backbone of the polynucleotide strand is _____________
alternating sugars and phosphates
The ___________ project away from this backbone
bases
polynucleotide strands are ____________
Very negatively charged
In cells, the negative charge is usually neutralized by proteins with ___________
positively charged amino acids
histones
basic proteins
DNA and RNA strands have a ___________
directionality
One end terminates with the _________ that may or may not have phosphate
5'-carbon
Opposite end terminates with a ________, usually with a -OH
3'-carbon
double helix
Two polynucleotide chains wrapped around each other
_________ is on the outside of the double helix
sugar-phosphate backbone
_________ are stacked inside the interior of the helix
Bases
Strands run in opposite directions
antiparallel
Double-stranded DNA is two complementary strands of DNA held together primarily by __________
hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonds
weak electrostatic interaction between a hydrogen covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and an electronegative atom of another molecule
H-bond is ~5% of the strength of a ________
covalent bond
Multiple H-bonds are very _________
stabilizing
Weak forces, like H-bonding act over very _________
short distances
A will normally form __________ with T (or U)
two H-bonds
G will usually form _________ with C
three H-bonds
G:C base pairs are ___________ than A:T base pairs
more stable
T on one strand means A will be in the same position on __________, same with G and C
the opposite strand
The top strand is said to be ___________ to the bottom strand
complementary
B-DNA
Most likely the structure of DNA in a cell
B-DNA are ________ structure
Right-handed helix
B-DNA have about __________of the helix
~10 nucleotides per turn
________ bases are perpendicular to the long axis
B-DNA
Major and minor grooves are different widths because the bases ____________
are not exactly perpendicular to the axis of symmetry
A-Form is similar to __________
B-Form
A-Form occurs when __________
DNA has less water associated
_________ is a left-handed helix
Z-DNA
__________ can form with repeating C-G sequence
Z-DNA
to go from DNA to protein
RNA intermediate
inverted repeat
Sequence reads the same on each strand when read with the same polarity
hairpin structure
stem has inverted repeat and loop that does not match up
stem structure
inverted repeat
DNA methylation
The addition of methyl groups to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis
Occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA methylation
Important in DNA replication, DNA repair and gene regulation
DNA methylation
Students also viewed