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AP GOV-Multiple Choice

Terms in this set (80)

All of the following are concurrent powers of the federal and state governments EXCEPT the
A) imposition of export tariffs.
B) collection of taxes
C) management of the court system
D) construction of roads
E) authority to borrow money
A) imposition of export tariffs.
In United States v. Darby, the Supreme Court ruled that the Tenth Amendment
A) violates the supremacy clause in Article VI
B) cannot be interpreted to assert state supremacy over the national government.
C) can bestow unlimited implied powers to state governments
D) cannot deny states the power to regulate interstate commerce
E) authorizes the federal government to impose restrictions on state governments
B) cannot be interpreted to assert state supremacy over the national government.
The elastic clause gives Congress the authority to
A) overrule the president's veto
B) pass laws necessary to carry out its assigned powers
C) form an unlimited number of committees and subcommittees
D) check the power of the Supreme Court by approving the president's nominees for justices
E) regulate money and control the budget
B) pass laws necessary to carry out its assigned powers.
Which of the following statements is true of a federal system of government?
A) Power is concentrated in a central government that oversees policymaking and the enforcement of laws
B) Power is shared among state governments in such a way that all states must recognize and respect the laws of other states.
C) Power is divided among levels of government so that more than one level has authority over a body of people.
D) Power is regulated primarily to local governments.
E) Power is vested mostly in state governments
C) Power is divided among levels of government so that more than one level has authority over a body of people.
Which of the following conclusions may be drawn from the data in table?
A) The number of school districts dropped dramatically before 1967 and then leveled off
B) The most significant changes in local governments occurred between 1967 and 1972
C) The number of township and town governments has decreased because the number of municipal governments has risen
D) The number of county governments has not changed significantly because changes to county lines were prohibited in 1952
E) The increasing number of local governments may be attributed to the growing number of municipal and special district governments
E) The increasing number of local governments may be attributed to the growing number of municipal and special district governments
The full faith and credit clause would require all of the following EXCEPT
A) that a marriage performed in Las Vegas be valid in other states
B) that a driver's license serve as identification when a person travels across state lines
C) that a divorced parent pay child support even if his or her children reside in another state
D) that a birth certificate issued by any state can be used open a bank account
E) that something against the law in one state is against the law in all other states
E) that something against the law in one state is against the law in all other states.
To receive federal funding, state programs usually must
A) comply with some federal regulations
B) hire federal employees to oversee the program
C) be approved by the Supreme Court
D) return a percentage of the funds as profit
E) apply to the Department of the Treasury
A) comply with some federal regulations.
A resident of New Mexico is robbed while he is visiting relatives in Texas and calls the local police, who later find the culprit. This is an example of
A) the Tenth Amendment
B) the supremacy clause
C) the rights of the accused
D) the privileges and immunities clause
E) dual federalism
D) the privileges and immunities clause.
Which of the following statements accurately describe public participation in a federal system?
A) Multilevel elections allow voters more influence over government bodies
B) concerned citizens may join both state and national political groups to try to influence policymaking
C) People are more likely to participate in state level politics because stat governments are more responsive
D) Political parties offer voters more choice among candidates
A) Multilevel elections allow voters more influence over government bodies. B) concerned citizens may join both state and national political groups to try to influence policymaking.
When it is unclear whether an issue falls under the jurisdiction of the federal or a state government,
A) the president decides and issues an executive order
B) a federal court rules on the matter
C) Congress votes to determine who has the authority
D) the state legislatures must decide whether to overrule the federal government
E) the federal and state governments must share authority
B) a federal court rules on the matter.
Which of the following institutions was specifically outlined in the Constitution?
A) Federal Reserve System
B) Cabinet
C) Federal district courts
D) Electoral College
E) Department of State
D) Electoral College
The Seventeenth Amendment changed the nature of senatorial elections by
A) prohibiting PACs from contributing to senatorial campaigns
B) establishing a group of electors from each state to nominate senators
C) permitting senatorial debates to be aired on television
D) scheduling them to be held every two years
E) allowing senators to be elected directly by the public
E) allowing senators to be elected directly by the public.
Which of the following statements accurately describe the system of checks and balances?
A) The system of checks and balances prevents the rule of the majority, because one institution cannot gain more power than the others
B) The power to veto bills allows the president to check Congress
C) The system of checks and balances grew out of a long political tradition but is not defined by the Constitution
D) Congress checks the power of the judicial branch by nominating justices
A) The system of checks and balances prevents the rule of the majority, because one institution cannot gain more power than the others
B) The power to veto bills allows the president to check Congress.
All of following are guaranteed under the fifth Amendment EXCEPT
A) due process of law
B) a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime
C) the accused cannot be made to serve as witness against himself or herself
D) property may not be taken without due process of law and fair compensation
E) bail cannot be denied
E) bail cannot be denied.
Which of the following concepts of government introduced in the Articles of Confederation was maintained in the Constitution?
A) Exclusionary rule
B) Limited government
C) Checks and balances
D) State supremacy
E) Direct democracy
B) Limited government.
The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to
A) clarify the Supreme Court's power of judicial review
B) ensure equal voting rights
C) protect individual rights
D) define the powers reserved for the federal and state governments
E) prevent the supremacy of one faction of government over another
C) protect individual rights
Which of the following statements are true about freedom of speech as guaranteed are true about freedom of speech as guaranteed by the Constitution?A) Political protests first require the submission of a formal application to the federal government
B) In cases where national security may be compromised, the government has the authority to censor the news media
C) The possession of obscene material is protected under the First Amendment
D) An amendment would be required to prevent the practice of flag burning
B) In cases where national security may be compromised, the government has the authority to censor the news media
D)An amendment would be required to prevent the practice of flag burning.
Anti-Federalists argued against adoption of the Constitution for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
A) it failed to centralize power
B) it responded to the needs of the minority, not the majority
C) it placed too many restrictions on the states
D) it neglected individual rights
E) it favored property owners
A) it failed to centralize power.
The Constitution established a system of equal representation by creating
A) a system of federal courts
B) a bicameral legislature
C) the Electoral College
D) three branches of government
E) the Bill of Rights
B) a bicameral legislature
In which of the following ways does the Constitution protect the rights of individuals?
A) It gives Congress the power to impeach the president
B) It invests the president with the powers of commander in chief
C) It prevents Congress from passing bills of attainder
D) It allows states to collect taxes
E) It divides government into the national and state levels
C) It prevents Congress from passing bills of attainder.
The influence of political parties has been declining for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
A) candidates can share their views directly with the electorate through television
B) voters can nominate party candidates in primary elections
C) candidates largely fund their own campaigns or hire campaign firms
D) the government has failed to enforce party membership among the electorate
E) the electorate is becoming increasingly independent from party affiliation
D) the government has failed to enforce party membership among the electorate.
A two-party system differs from a multiparty system in that it
A) encourages moderation in policymaking and discourages change
B) offers voters no choice among ideologies
C) usually includes a liberal and a conservative party
D) relies on popular elections to change the party in power
E) allows parties to choose their own leaders in the legislature
A) encourages moderation in policymaking and discourages change.
Which of the following statements are generally true of third parties?
A) Having a third-party president in the White House would threaten the political standing of the United States in the eyes of other nations
B) Third parties expand the political agenda by forcing the candidates of the two major parties to address the issues that it introduces into a campaign
C) Third parties rarely gain enough support in the electorate in part because they tend to focus on narrow issues and have extreme views
D) Any success that a third party achieves in an election is a measure of public discontent with the major political parties and their platforms
B) Third parties expand the political agenda by forcing the candidates of the two major parties to address the issues that it introduces into a campaign. C) Third parties rarely gain enough support in the electorate in part because they tend to focus on narrow issues and have extreme views. D) Any success that a third party achieves in an election is a measure of public discontent with the major political parties and their platforms.
Political parties play an important role in democracy because they
A) give voters radically different choices of policy initiatives
B) offer politicians a distinct political identity
C) connect the public with policy-making institutions
D) contribute to a centralized federal government
E) influence policy in each of the three branches of government
C) connect the public with policy-making institutions.
Which of the following has led to ticket-splitting in recent elections?
A) Party dealignments
B) Blanket primaries
C) Party realignment
D) Patronage system
E) Closed primaries
B) Blanket primaries
The process through which parties nominate their candidate for the presidency is called
A) a critical election
B) a national convention
C) an open primary
D) a closed primary
E) a national committee
B) a national convention
Policy gridlock is most likely to occur when
A) a party wins a significant majority of the seats in Congress
B) there is a third-party candidate in the presidential election
C) a political party forms a coalition around a specific policy
D) The president is of a different party from the majority in Congress
E) the same party wins the majority in both houses of Congress
D) The president is of a different party from the majority in Congress.
Local party organizations have little power because
A) party machines no longer control large cities
B) they must turn most of their resources over to state organizations
C) most voters are not able to participate in politics at the local level
D) the Constitution limits the scope of their activities
E) campaign finance reforms have prevented them from fundraising
C) most voters are not able to participate in politics at the local level.
Which of the following statements accurately describe critical elections?
A) Critical elections tend to occur only after significant political or social events
B) After a critical election, the minority party usually collapses and a new party forms
C) Critical elections usually signal the beginning of a new political era
D) Critical elections usually signal the beginning of a new political era
A) Critical elections tend to occur only after significant political or social events. B) After a critical election, the minority party usually collapses and a new party forms. C) Critical elections usually signal the beginning of a new political era.
All of the following were political consequences of the Great Depression EXCEPT
A) the Democratic Party forged a new coalition
B) the New Deal greatly expanded the scope of federal activities
C) it defined the Democratic Party that exists today
D) it began a new party era of Democratic control of the federal government
E) it initiated the current trend of divided government
E) it initiated the current trend of divided government.
Which of the following is the best indication of pluralism in American politics?
A) The American Association of Retried Persons has the largest membership of any interest group
B) Third parties often endorse candidates for office, but rarely do they win elections
C) The federal bureaucracy is expanding as more and more citizens are hired for federal jobs
D) More than 20,000 interest groups lobby Congress each year
E) Citizens are able to vote in local, state, and national elections
D) More than 20,000 interest groups lobby Congress each year.
All of the following are characteristics of a traditional democracy EXCEPT
A) an informed electorate
B) a bill of rights
C) public participation
D) equal access to government institutions
E) national elections
B) a bill of rights.
According to elite theorists which of the following statements describe the American political system?
A) Political action committees translate the financial power of large corporations into political influence
B) Interest groups fairly shape the public agenda by representing the interests of all Americans
C) The wealthiest 1 percent of the public are in some way responsible for the most policymaking
D) Policymaking relies heavily on compromise, because interest groups receive equal access to the policy arena
A) Political action committees translate the financial power of large corporations into political influence. C) The wealthiest 1 percent of the public are in some way responsible for the most policymaking.
The United States is not a direct democracy because
A) the population has increased too rapidly in the last 100 years
B) the authors of the constitution did not trust the public to make informed decisions
C) the Constitution prohibits direct presentation
D) the separation of powers would not work in a direct democracy
E) a direct democracy would not fairly represent all Americans
B) the authors of the constitution did not trust the public to make informed decisions.
Which of the following concepts best demonstrates the theory of democracy?
A) the rights of the accused
B) separation of powers
C) majority rule
D) bicameralism
E) big business
C) majority rule
Approximately 56 percent of interest groups do favors for government officials as a means of lobbying. This is an example of
A) elite theory
B) hyperpluralism
C) decentralization
D) pluralist theory
E) representative democracy
A) elite theory
A citizen who disapproves of proposed legislation can do all of the following EXCEPT
A) call or write a letter to his or her senator
B) vote for a different candidate in the next election
C) join a political- interest group
D) vote against the legislation
E) participate in a protest
D) vote against the legislation
According to pluralists, a wealthy interest group would
A) have more access to policymakers
B) compete with the other interest groups for an equal share of influence
C) buy all of the votes on a piece of legislation
D) manipulate public opinion to influence Congress
E) have no influence on the policy agenda
B) compete with the other interest groups for an equal share of influence.
Which of the following is the best example of a right of the minority?
A) Protection against double jeopardy
B) Equal access to public education
C) The ability to become a civil employee
D) The practice of one person, one vote
E) Freedom to circulate pamphlets
E) Freedom to circulate pamphlets
Hyperpluralists differ from pluralists in their belief that
A) the representation of too many interests is detrimental to policymaking
B) only the wealthiest lobbyists are heard in Congress
C) power should be centralized in one branch government
D) competition among groups leads to compromise and, hence, stronger policy
E) political groups get their funds exclusively from big business
A) the representation of too many interests is detrimental to policymaking.
Political consequence of the trend toward investigative journalism?
A) The job requirements for becoming a journalist are now more stringent
B) Public attention is focused more on scandal than on political issues
C) Americans are better informed than they were in the decades before television
D) The public now gets most of its information from the television news sources
E) Americans are now more likely to think critically about political issues
B) Public attention is focused more on scandal than on political issues.
Who is most likely to receive attention in the media?
A) The secretary of defense
B) The speaker of the House
C) The Senate majority leader
D) The president
E) The chief justice of the Supreme Court
D) The president
The majority of journalists label themselves
A) liberal
B) politically apathetic
C) independent
D) conservative
E) radical
A) liberal
During a presidential campaign, the media focuses its attention primarily on
A) each candidate's position on foreign policy issues
B) the candidates' previous political experience
C) the issues most important to the electorate
D) the party platform of each candidate
E) the daily campaign activities of the two candidates
E) the daily campaign activities of the two candidates
about the media's agenda-setting functions
A) Media outlets choose which stories to cover based on which ones are likely to receive high ratings
B) By focusing on stories that attract public attention, the media can force politicians to confront issues that they might not have otherwise addressed
C) The media have become less influential over the political agenda in the past few decades
D) The Federal Communications Commission is primarily responsible for determining the content of the news
E) The government has a significant amount of influence over the political agenda presented in the media because most news is gathered from official sources
A) Media outlets choose which stories to cover based on which ones are likely to receive high ratings. B) By focusing on stories that attract public attention, the media can force politicians to confront issues that they might not have otherwise addressed. E) The government has a significant amount of influence over the political agenda presented in the media because most news is gathered from official sources.
What is one foreseeable political consequence of narrowcasting?
A) the print media will appeal to a greater percentage of the public
B) politicians will have more freedom to act according to their own agenda, because they will be able to avoid the public eye
C) journalists will be forced to concentrate more on political issues than on politicians
D) The gap between the political elite and the politically uninformed majority will increase
E) the public will have less access to political information
D) The gap between the political elite and the politically uninformed majority will increase.
Which of the following conclusions can you draw from this table?
A) Americans don't care about events that happen in other parts of the world
B) People are most interested in disasters and human-interest stories
C) People pay more attention to news today than they did 25 years ago
D) People rely on television rather than newspapers for their news
E) The influence of the news media is declining
B) People are most interested in disasters and human-interest stories.
A journalist who regularly reports on predictions about the stock market would probably be on which of the following beats?
A) White House
B) Senate Appropriations Committee
C) Department of the Interior
D) Congress
E) Federal Reserve Board
E) Federal Reserve Board
All of the following have resulted from the growing profusion of sound bytes in news reporting EXCEPT
A) the news media have had to narrow their scope of coverage because they have only a limited amount of material to broadcast
B) the news media have increased their influence over the public agenda by selecting what material to feature in sound bytes
C) the complexity of most issues is not fully understood by the electorate, who might as a result be misled about government actions
D) the public tends to judge candidates by their appearance as much as, if not more than, the candidates' stand on foreign and domestic issues
E) politicians do not have to explain their views in much detail because most of their speeches go unreported to the public
A) the news media have had to narrow their scope of coverage because they have only a limited amount of material to broadcast.
If a political candidate wanted to deliver her message to the most politically informed Americans in the electorate, through which medium would he or she be most likely to reach them?
A) television
B) radio
C) mass media
D) newspapers
E) internet
D) Newspapers
The Federal Election Campaign Act established all of the following EXCEPT
A) a fund for public donations to presidential campaigns
B) rules for the disclosure of all campaign financing and spending information
C) a limit of $1,000 for personal contributions to congressional candidates
D) restrictions on the amount of soft money a party can receive for campaigning
E) the Federal Election Commission to regulate campaign financing
D) restrictions on the amount of soft money a party can receive for campaigning
Which of the following conclusions may be drawn from the data in the table above?
A) Labor groups overwhelmingly contributed to Democratic or Independent campaigns
B) Single-issue groups divided their contributions equally between the two parties
C) Overall, Republicans received more campaign donations than Democrats did
D) The National Rifle Association made the biggest donation to the Republican party
E) All of the business groups listed supported Republicans, whereas all of the labor groups listed supported Democrats
A) Labor groups overwhelmingly contributed to Democratic or Independent campaigns.
The news media influence the outcome of a presidential election by
A) focusing more on the campaign competition than on campaign issues
B) making rushed judgments about the contest early in the primaries
C) endorsing the political views of one candidate in particular
D) devoting too much coverage to the candidates' public appearance
E) allotting more air times to one candidate than another
B) making rushed judgments about the contest early in the primaries.
All of the following are criticisms raised against the primary system EXCEPT
A) this process of selecting delegates is unfair because it prevents equal representation of minority groups at the national conventions
B) too much weight is placed on the early primaries, especially because states like Iowa are not representative of the American electorate
C) it has extended the length of the campaign process to an impractical and unmanageable degree
D) it prevents many qualified politicians from running, because fund-raising for and participating in primaries distracts them from their current office
E) it allows the media too much power in shaping presidential campaigns
A) this process of selecting delegates is unfair because it prevents equal representation of minority groups at the national conventions.
Which of the following is true concerning the use of PACs in political campaigns?
A) The Constitution requires businesses to finance campaigns
B) Businesses can channel only a limited amount of funds through a PAC
C) The president officially established them in a 1974 executive order
D) PACs must be registered with and monitored by the FEC
E) The Supreme Court found campaign finance reform laws unconstitutional
D) PACs must be registered with and monitored by the FEC.
In addition to officially nominating a party's candidate for the presidency, national conventions perform which of the following tasks?
A) selecting new party leaders
B) present fund-raising strategies
C) announce to the party's platform
D) elect delegates to next convention
E) organize new party coalitions in Congress
C) Announce the party's platform
Primary elections are not very representative of the electorate's preferences because
A) they occur in only a few states
B) voters in primary elections are usually less politically knowledgeable than the majority
C) only college graduates are allowed to vote in them
D) they take place early, before voters have a chance to learn about the candidates
E) voters in primary elections are usually older and more affluent than the majority
E) voters in primary elections are usually older and more affluent than the majority.
Which of the following factors contributes most to the cost of a presidential campaign?
A) direct mail campaigns
B) television advertising
C) hiring a campaign coordinator
D) soliciting donations via the internet
E) printing posters and campaign
television advertising
Presidential campaigns in the United States differ most from campaigns in other countries in which of the following ways?
A) American campaigns cost candidates less in personal contributions
B) Candidates in other countries are not allowed to appear on television
C) Campaigns in the United States are geared toward a general election
D) American campaigns are much longer than other campaigns
E) Candidates in the United States are officially endorsed by political parties
American campaigns are much longer than other campaigns.
All of the following are techniques employed in a modern campaign EXCEPT
A) direct mail
B) websites
C) television advertising
D) public appearances
E) newspaper articles
E) newspaper articles
Reapportionment of seats in the House of Representative occurs
A) every four years after a presidential election
B) when the minority party wins a majority in the House
C) after every four congressional election cycles
D) every ten years as a result of the census report
E) when the president requests it through an executive order
D) every ten years as a result of the census report.
Which of the following factors has a significant influence over the accuracy of a political poll?
A) The wording of the questions
B) The number of people in the samples
C) The age of the people in the samples
D) The number of questions asked
E) The geographic distribution of the people in the sample
A) The wording of the questions
All of the following influence the way citizens form their political beliefs EXCEPT
A) schooling
B) the family
C) religion
D) the mass media
E) state of residence
E) state of residence
One reason that minority groups are more likely to favor liberal policies is that they
A) have highly developed political knowledge
B) typically pay more in federal income taxes
C) have benefited from federal social programs in the past
D) have a greater distrust of government
E) usually belong to a high socioeconomic class
C) have benefited from federal social programs in the past.
Senior citizens are the most politically active age group of Americans for which of the following reasons.
A) They have had more experiences from which to form their political beliefs and reinforce their ideology.
B) They have more disposable income with which they can influence politicians through campaign contributions.
C) They are the largest age group, and therefore they form a majority
D) Enrollment programs such as Social Security require recipients to vote.
A) They have had more experiences from which to form their political beliefs and reinforce their ideology
C) They are the largest age group, and therefore they form a majority
Conservatives are likely to endorse all of the following EXCEPT
A) the right to life
B) tax cuts
C) deregulation of the economic sector
D) welfare programs
E) defense spending
D) Welfare programs
Politicians usually pay attention to public opinion as reported in polls in order to
A) decide whether to change party affiliation
B) shape their platform for the next election
C) form coalitions in Congress
D) know if they should run for reelection
E) solicit campaign contributions
B) shape their platform for the next election
According to the prediction of the gender gap, women are more likely to
A) vote for a Democratic candidate
B) support military spending
C) vote for an Independent candidate
D) disapprove of increased social spending
E) vote for a Republican candidate
A) vote for a Democratic candidate
Which of the following would occur if a minority majority developed in the electorate?
A) Hispanic Americans would outnumber African Americans.
B)Female conservatives would outnumber male conservatives.
C)Asian Americans would outnumber Hispanic Americans.
D)Voters under the age of 30 would outnumber senior citizens
E)The minority population would outnumber the Caucasian population.
E)The minority population would outnumber the Caucasian population.
Young Americans are the least politically active group for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
A) they have little political experience
B) they are not likely to watch the news or read newspapers
C) they have been taught to distrust the government
D) they have not developed a sense of what they need from government
E) they have not witnessed the impact of governmental policies
C) they have been taught to distrust the government
The Civil Rights Act did all of the following EXCEPT
A) create the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
B) deny federal funding to businesses and schools that practiced discrimination
C) prevent discrimination in state voting procedures
D) prohibit discrimination in hotels, in restaurants, and on public transportation
E) outlaw job discrimination
C) prevent discrimination in state voting procedures
Which of the following cases initiated the controversy over busing as a means to overcome desegregation?
A) School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp
B) Guinn v. United States
C) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
D) Shaw v. Reno
E) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools
E) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools
Which of the following generalizations accurately describe the advancement of civil rights in the twentieth century?
A) The Fifteenth Amendment served as the foundation upon which the Supreme Court based many of its decisions regarding civil rights
B) By pursuing the cause of civil rights, the government has maintained the constitutional premise of limited government.
C) The Supreme Court typically finds laws that rely on an inherently suspect classification of race to be unconstitutional.
D) The concept of equality poses a threat to liberty when the majority rule imposes on minority rights.
C) The Supreme Court typically finds laws that rely on an inherently suspect classification of race to be unconstitutional.
D) The concept of equality poses a threat to liberty when the majority rule imposes on minority rights.
The Equal Rights Amendment has not become a part of the Constitution because
A) it was not ratified by enough states
B) the Senate voted against it after the House had passed it
C) the women's rights movement has focused primarily on preserving protectionist laws
D) the Supreme Court found it unconstitutional
E) feminists decried it for neglecting to take a firm position on women's rights
A) it was not ratified by enough states
Critics of affirmative action claim that it
A)violates the First Amendment freedom of speech
B) fails to sufficiently compensate minorities for past discrimination
C) encourages reverse discrimination
D) excuses the federal government from having to enforce civil rights
E) favors certain minority groups over other minority groups
C) encourages reverse discrimination
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education?
A) Plessy reinforced the advancement of civil rights begun by the Supreme Court in Brown.
B) The Supreme Court overturned its decision in Plessy with its Brown ruling
C) Both Plessy and Brown extended voting rights to disenfranchised African Americans in the South.
D) Both Plessy and Brown made desegregation in public schools compulsory
E)The Supreme Court used Plessy as a precedent upon which to base its Brown decision
B) The Supreme Court overturned its decision in Plessy with its Brown ruling
All of the following are major consequences of the civil rights movement EXCEPT
A) women gained the right to vote
B) it led to other groups, such as gays, seeking civil rights protections
C) African Americans now hold thousands of government posts
D) other minority groups began to assert their rights
E) affirmative action became a common deterrent to job discrimination
A) women gained the right to vote
There was no constitutional basis for an argument in favor of civil rights until after the Civil War because
A) the Bill of Rights applied only to white males
B) Supreme Court justices were predominantly from southern states
C) inequalities of the law did not become apparent until the abolition of slavery
D) the Constitution did not explicitly mention equality until the Fourteenth Amendment was passed
E) the Constitution prevented the government from interfering with people's individual liberties
D) the Constitution did not explicitly mention equality until the Fourteenth Amendment was passed
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court first declare gender bias unconstitutional?
A) Faragher v. City of Boca Raton
B) Reed v. Reed
C) Stanton v. Stanton
D) Craig v. Boren
E) Dothard v. Rawlinson
B) Reed v. Reed
All of the following were methods used by southern states to prevent African Americans from voting EXCEPT
A) tests about the constitution
B) white primaries
C) literacy tests
D) poll taxes
E) the grandfather clause
E) the grandfather clause
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