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Biology Semester 1 Final Exam

Terms in this set (85)

hypothesis
a possible anser to a scientific question -rejected or supported
theory
well tested explanation of an observation and a hypothesis
controlled experiment
only one variable is changed
variable
factors that can change
homeostasis
constant internal conditions that organism maintain
metabolism
chemical reaction - organisms build up and break down materials
cell specialization
particular tasks to maintain homeostasis
list and define the steps of the scientific method
1 observe - ask questions
2 infer - hypothesis
3 design experiments
4 collect and organize data
5 draw a conclusion
list and describe the characteristics of all living things
1 made up of cells - cells
2 based on a universal genetic code - DNA
3 obtain and use materials to obtain energy - metabolism
4 grow and develop
5reproduce - not necessary to live
6 respond to the environment
7 maintain stable internal conditions - homeostasis
8 change over time - evolution
define the following vocabulary
catalyst - speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
activation energy
proton - positively charged particles
neutron - carry no charge
electron - negatively charged particle

*proton & neutron make up nucleus
*electron is int he space surrounding the nucleus
descrive covalent and ionic bonds
covalent- atoms share electrons
ionic bonds- one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
define acid, base and neutral in terms of both pH and ion ratios
acid - contains ore H+ then pure water ph1-3
base - more OH ions than water ph11-14
neutral - equal in H+ and OH ions ph7
define an enzyme and describe how enzymes work and what things affect their ability to function
proteins act as a biological catalyst
speed up chemical reactions
1 temperature
2 ph
3 regulatory molecules
describe the structure and function of the following

carbohydrates
protiens
lipids
nucleic acid
refer to the study guide Ch2
define diffusion
particles move from an area of high concentration to areas of low concentration
osmosis
the diffusion of water across a cell membrane
hypertonic
higher solute concentration - water goes out of the cell
hypotonic
lower solute concentration - water goes into the cell
isotonic
concentration of solutes is the same
how did this scientist contribute to discovery of cells
Hooke
discovered cells
how did this scientist contribute to discovery of cells
van Leeuvenhoek
discovered bacteria in pond water
how did this scientist contribute to discovery of cells
Schleiden
plant cells are made up of
how did this scientist contribute to discovery of cells
Schwann
animal cells - are made up of
how did this scientist contribute to discovery of cells
Virchow
all cells come from other living cells - cell to cell
list the 3 parts of the cell theory
1 all living things are made up of cells
2 cells are the basic structure/function in living things
3 all cells come from other cells
describe the function of the organelles found in a cell
~nucleus - contain DNA

~vacuoles - store materials

~lysosomes - break down and recycle
macro molecules

~cytoskeleton - maintains cell shape, moves cell parts, helps cell move

~ribosomes - synthesize proteins

~endoplasmic reticutem - assembles proteine and lipids

~?Golgi apparatus - ,modifies, sorts and ?? refer to study guide Ch7
list and describe the function of the organelles found only in plants
chloroplats - convert solar energy to chemical energy stored in food
cell wall - shapes supports and protects the cell
be able to label a light microscope
refer to study guide Ch7
label an animal and plant cell diagram
refer to study guide Ch7
distinguish between passive and active transport and give examples of each
passive - movement of materials across a selective permeable membrane - DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY
ex-difffusion, ??facilitated, osmosis,

active - movement of substances - low to high- requires energy
ex transport proteins
lis the levels of organization found in multi-cellular organisms
cells->tissue->organs->organsystem->organisms
define the following
autotroph
uses energy from sunlight or chemicals to produce its own food
define the following
heterotroph
obtains food by consuming other living things
define the following
pigment
light absorbing molecule used by plants to gather the sons energy
define the following
NADP
carrier molecule transfers high energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
draw and label ATP structure

How does ATP differ from ADP?

When is energy released from ATP?
refer to study guide Ch8
list the equation for photosynthesis
describe in words what happens during photosyntheses
refer to study guide Ch8
draw and label a chloroplast.
include- thylakoid stroma and granum
refer to study guide Ch8
what happens during the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis?
where in a chloroplast does this reaction occur?
what are the reactants and product?
the goal is to absorb light energy and store in the form of ATP and NADPH - electron carriers

this happens in the ?? see Ch8

Reactants H2O, light NADP+, ADP
products O2, ATP, NADPH
what happens during the light independent reaction of photosynthesis?
Where in a chloroplast does this reaction occur?
What are the reactants and products?
it is called the calvin cycle -
refer to study guide Ch8
define aerobic
pathway that requires oxygen
anaerobic
does not require oxygen
list the equation for cellular respiration
6CO2+C6H12O6->6CO2=6H2O+energy
refer to study guide Ch8
list and describe the three main steps of cellular respiration.
how much ATP is produced by each step?
List the reactants and products of each step
2ATP - Glycolysis - in cytoplasm, small amount of energy

2ATP-Krebs Cycle - in mitochondria, small amounts of energy

32ATP electron transport chain -in mitochondria, large amount of energy

reactants - sugar, oxygen
products - energy CO2 H2O

refer to Ch8 study guide
list and describe the two types of fermentation
alcoholic - pyretic acid creates alcohol and carbon dioxide
B BADH creates lactic acid + NAD+

refer to Ch8 study guide to clarify answer
`cell division
process by which a cell divides into 2 dayhter?? cells ch8
differentiation
cell becomes specialized based on its function
stem cells
unspecialized cells from which differentiation cells develop
diploid
cell with 2 sets of chromosomes
haploid
cell with 1 set of chromosome
gamete
sex cell
crossing over
homologous chromosomes exchange potions
list and describe 2 reasons that a cells growth is limited
1 more demands on DNA
2 more trouble moving substances across the membrane
draw and label the parts of the cell cyle... and describe major events that occur in each phase
refer to study guide Ch 10&11.4
list in order and describe the major events that occur during the four phases of mitosis
prophase - nuclear membrane breaks apart

metaphase - chromosome move to the center

anaphase - chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

telaphase - nuclear membrane reappears, spindle fibers go away
identify a cell in these phases
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
refer to study guide Ch 10 & 11.4
describe the end result of mitosis - number of cells, diploid/haploid, genetically identical/different
2 identical diploid cells
describe the result of meiosis - number of cells, diploid/haploid, genetically identical/different
4 haploid genetically different cells
describe the contributions o the following scientists
Chargaff
A=T C=C7?orG?? base paring
refer to study guide Ch 10 & 11.4
describe the contributions o the following scientist
Franklin
first to use X-ray to photograph DNA
describe the contributions o the following scientist
Watson and Crick
first 3D model of DNA
list 3 parts of DNA nucleotide - be specific
refer to study guide Ch 10 & 11.4
describe the steps of DNA replication including the end results
1 DNA unzips
2 replicates
given one strand of DNA, be able to list the complementary strand
refer to study guide Ch 10 & 11.4
define genetics
study of heredity
define heterozygous
both alleles are different
define homozygous
both alleles are the same
define allele
variation of a traits form of gene
define dominant
allele that masks another - upper case
define recessive
allele that can be masked - lower case
define genotype
genetic makeup of an organism - genes
define phenotype
physical appearances expressed by genes - blue eyes
define karyotype
shows complete order of diploid chromosomes arranged in order by size
define sex linked gene
allele for trait that is found on a sex chromosome
define nondisjunction
homologous chromosomes that don't separate during meiosis??
refer to study guide Ch11&14
describe contributions of
Gregor Mendel, including his law of segregation and law of independent assortment
father of genetics, used pea plants to figure out traits gene inherited

law of segregation = 2 alleles, gene separate during ??___? formation

law of independence = assortment of genes for different traits can separate ???independently ???

please refer to study guide Ch11&14
contrast complete dominance, incomplete dominance and codominance
complete - homozygous dominant trait

incomplete -refer to study guide Ch11&14

codominance - 2 dominent alleles sharing power
be able to use monohybrid cross to determine the genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring
refer to study guide Ch11&14
define central dogma
information is transferred from DNA to RNA to proton?
refer to study guide Ch13
define codon
tells where DNA stops replicating set of 3 basesrefer to study guide Ch13
describe the differences between DNA and RNA
refer to study guide Ch13
list 3 types of RNA and describe their function during protein synthesis
mRNA - messenger RNA - carries instructins

rRNA-ribose - make? part of ribosomes

tRNA-transfer carries amino acids to ribose materializes them to mRNA
briefly describe the process of transcription and translation. indicate where in a cell each process occurs
transcription->reading the DNA to create mRNA - in the nucleus

translation ->decoding mRNA to produce prtein - incytoplasm - on ribose incytoplasm
given genetic code wheel, be able to
~identify amino acid a given codon codes for
~identify all possible codons that code for a given amino acid
refer to study guide Ch13
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