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Introduction to Psychology: Chapters 4, 7, 8, 9,

Terms in this set (75)

Four ways drugs have changed?

Motives for use (religious, ceremonies, holidays)
Unpredictable results due to lack of controls, mixing, chemicals
New synthetics are much stronger
Public knows more

This drug is associated with 2/3 of all murders 60% homicides (2/3 of all fatal car accidents; 2/3 domestic violence cases; 2/3 of rapes (65%); over 1/3 of all child abuse cases.

The part of the brain affected by a substance use in the _____________ which governs judgment reasoning and decision making.

Prefrontal Cortex

New studies state if an adolescent is able to refrain from all substance use until after they are 21 years old they have a _____% chance of NEVER becoming addicted.

This drug stimulates dopamine centers and when smoked reaches the brain all at once. The high is similar to heroin.

This drug has become the #1 drug of choice among many American housewives because it is cheaper and easily accessible.

This drug is involved in 1 in 5 deaths in the United States and kills more people than AIDS, auto accidents, homicides, illegal drugs and suicide combined.

This drug is in the hallucinogen family and is the number one drug choice among high school students.

This drug is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world.

This neurotransmitter is known as the "matter molecule of addiction."

The desire to repeat the use of a drug (alcohol is a drug) for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well being and reduction of stress is called __________.This often leads to________.

Psychological dependence
Physical dependence

This drug releases dopamine and eventually destroys the dopamine receptors eventually impacting the ability to feel pressure.

Methamphetamine

Drug and alcohol consumption among youth is a special concern because it is linked to problems in the areas of...

1. Unprotected sex resulting in unplanned pregnancy
2. Sexually Transmitted Infections
3. Depression, anxiety, and other psychological issues
4. School related difficulties
5. Increased drunk driving deaths and accidents
6. Suicide
7. Greater risk addiction

True or False: Women are less vulnerable to the effects of alcohol because they have a special enzyme in their stomach.

Illegal drug manufacturers continue to create drugs that will...

1. Get the person high faster (crossing the blood brain barrier faster)
2. Be more addictive and shorter acting increasing demand and cost

How does the brain get more addicted?

Psychoactive drugs increase dopamine levels (they call it dope) in the reward pathways located in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens.

After caffeine, ___________ is the most widely used drug in the United States.

Since 2002, deaths resulting from heroin have risen _________%

The two areas of the brain, the _________ and the _______________, are the reward pathways vital to the experience of pleasure.

Ventral Tegmental
Nucleus Accumbens

In the United States, the current drug problem is coasting Americans over $______________ per year.

US- (Unconditioned Stimulus)

Produces a response without prior learning

UR- (Unconditioned Response)

Unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

CS- (Conditioned Stimulus)

Neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned response

CR- (Conditioned Response)

Learned response to the conditioned stimulus after conditioned stimulus - unconditioned stimulus pairing

Learner is passive and the desired behavior is involuntary

US:
UR:
CS:
CR:

Event that causes reflex reaction/response (+_______)
Is the reaction to the US
The response after conditioning (Food + Bell = Bell alone/US + ____________=CS)
Learned reaction (the same or similar to UR)

Positive Reinforcement

Increase the frequency of behavior by rewards

Negative Reinforcement

Takes something away to increase a behavior

consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

CTR - Continuous Reinforcement

response every time

FI - Fixed Interval

same or consistent - time

VI - Variable Interval

Varies or changes - time

FR - Fixed Ratio

Same or Consistent - number

VR - Variable Ratio

Varies or changes - number

Putting money in money in a parking meter

A child receives a cookie after spelling 5 words correctly

Receiving a bonus for every four months

High school random drug testing

Learned Helplesness

Learning through experience - no control over negative outcomes

Decrease responsiveness to stimulus after repeated presentations

Latent Learning

Refers to knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it.

learning to respond to one stimulus and inhibit all other stimulus

transfer of a learned response to a different but similar stimulus

Stimulus Control

Is a phenomenon that occurs when an organism behaves in one way in the presence of a given stimulus and another way in its absence

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Short-Term Memory

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Long-Term Memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Memories of facts and concepts

Example: Recalling that Albany is the best capital of New York

Memories of personality experienced events

Example: Recalling a trip to Albany

Motor skills and habits

Example: Ice Skating

Learned emotional reactions

Example: Recoiling at the sight of a rat

Autobiographical

Is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory.

Are memories of learning something so shocking or surprising that it creates a strong and seemingly very accurate memory of learning about the event--but not the event itself.

Attempt made by an individual to direct one's own desires and impulses toward pleasurable instincts by excluding the desire from one's consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious.

Eyewitness Testimony

testimony by eyewitnesses to a crime about what they saw during commission of the crime

Looking backward over a period of time

Expected or likely to happen or become

Artificial Intelligence

A subdiscipline of computer science that attempts to simulate human thinking

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Intelligent Test

A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

Intermediate goals that put one in a better position to achieve a goal

a step-by-step method of problem solving that guarantees a correct solution

each step moves you progressively closer to the final goal.

Inductive Reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

original, inventive, flexible

Is a term used to describe the process of finding a single best solution to a problem.

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

the way your brain remembers something

Criticisms for test taking

1. narrowness of content
2. solve unimportant problems
3. ability to test
4. measures what you know
5. scores reflect materials learned
6. culture - language
7. urban / rural
8. test administrator error
9. current mental and physical state

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