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Kinesiology Exam 2

Terms in this set (152)

T/F

The shape and arrangement of muscle fibers affect the muscle's ability to relax
False
T/F

Eccentric muscle "actions" result from isometric muscle contractions
False
T/F

Each muscle in the human body may be innervated by a single nerve or multiple nerves.
True
T/F

Fusiform muscle fiber arrangement results in a circular pattern
False
T/F

The synergist muscle of an activity is considered to be the primary mover
False
T/F

Isokinetic muscle contractions involve a dynamic movement wherein the speed of movement is variable.
False
T/F

There are two major types of fiber arrangements which are parallel and pennate.
True
T/F

Contractility is the ability of muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force in the same direction as a resistive force when stimulated.
False
T/F

The term "intrinsic" usually pertains to muscles within or belonging solely to the body part upon which they act.
True
T/F

The term "action" refers to a specific movement of a joint that occurs as a result from a concentric muscle contraction.
True
T/F

It is not possible for a muscle to cause more than one action in an associated joint.
False
T/F

The term "innervation" is used to describe a segment of nervous system and is defined as being responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle.
True
T/F

Skeletal muscles are responsible for movement of the body as a whole and movement within each of the joints of the body.
True
T/F

The term "extensibility" refers to the ability of a muscle to return to its original length following stretching.
False
T/F

All muscle contractions are classified as either isometric or isotonic
True
T/F

Isotonic contractions are described as either concentric or eccentric on basis of whether shortening or lengthening of the muscle occurs.
True
T/F

Joint movement may occur without any muscle contraction.
True
T/F

Eccentric muscle contractions are referred to as muscle actions instead of a contraction since the muscle is shortening as opposed to lengthening.
False
T/F

The term "isokinetics" describes a type of dynamic exercise that uses concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions.
True
T/F

Two different muscles may contract simultaneously at a joint and cause a motion that neither would cause if contracting alone.
True
T/F

Antagonist muscles are known as primary or prime movers or muscles most involved in a joint action.
False
T/F

When antagonist muscles contract concentrically they perform the opposite joint motion of the agonist muscle.
True
T/F

The conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space is kinesthesis.
True
T/F

The more sudden the activation of a myotatic reflex, the less significant the reflexive contraction.
False
T/F

Generally, as a muscle gets longer, its ability to exert force increases.
True
Muscles provide all of the following except?

A. Protection
B. Posture and support
C. Produce a major portion of total body heat
D. Attachment points for other muscles
D. Attachment points for other muscles
Muscles are usually named due to all of the following except?

A. Nerve
B. Shape
C. Size
D. Function
A. Nerve
Which of the following is affected by the shape and size of a muscle?

A. Rate of muscle contraction
B. Bony structure
C. Ability of a muscle to produce force
D. Location of the associated nerve
C. Ability of a muscle to produce force
Which of the following is not a shape by which muscles are categorized?

A. Sphincter
B. Radial
C. Strap
D. Fusiform
B. Radial
Which of the following is not a property of skeletal muscle tissue that allows for force production and movement about joints?

A. Constrictability
B. Elasticity
C. Extensibility
D. Irritability
A. Constrictability
Which of the following is not true with respect to an isometric muscle contraction?

A. Tension is developed within muscle but joint angles remain constant
B. Considered to be a static contraction
C. Is considered to be a dynamic contraction
D. Joint angle may be maintained in a relatively stable position
C. Is considered to be a dynamic contraction
The pennate type of muscle fiber arrangement may be classified by the following terms except?

A. Unipennate
B. Bipennate
C. Tripennate
D. Multipennate
C. Tripennate
Which of the following statements is true regarding isometric muscle actions?
A. Tension is developed within a muscle but joint angles remain constant
B. Tension is developed to either cause or control joint movement
C. Dynamic type of contraction
D. Varying degrees of tension in muscles are causing joint angles to change
A. Tension is developed within a muscle but joint angles remain constant
Which of the following is not true regarding concentric muscle contractions?

A. A muscle develops active tension as it shortens
B. Contractions occur when the muscle develops enough force to overcome applied resistance
C. Contractions cause movement against gravity or resistance
D. Commonly described as being a negative type of contraction
D. Commonly described as being a negative type of contraction
Which of the following is true regarding concentric muscle contractions?

A. The force developed by the muscle is less than that of the resistance
B. Contractions cause movement against gravity or resistance
C. Causes a body part to remain stable against gravity or external forces
D. Results in the joint angle changing in the opposite direction of the applied muscle force
B. Contractions cause movement against gravity or resistance
Which of the following is not true regarding an eccentric muscle action?

A. Typically called a positive type of muscle contraction
B. The muscle lengthens under tension
C. Occurs when muscle gradually lessens in tension to control the descent of resistance
D. Weight or resistance overcomes muscle contraction but not to the point that muscle cannot control descending movement
A. Typically called a positive type of muscle contraction
Which of the following is true regarding an eccentric muscle action?

A. The muscle does not control the movement with gravity or resistance
B. Described as a positive type of contraction
C. The force developed by the muscle is less than that of the resistance
D. Results in the joint angle changing in the direction opposite that of the resistance or external force
C. The force developed by the muscle is less than that of the resistance
Which of the following is not a true statement regarding isokinetic exercise?

A. The speed or velocity of movement is constant
B. Muscular contraction occurs only through part of the movement
C. Is not another type or classification of muscle contraction
D. Can only be performed on machines such as Biodex, Cybex, and Lido
B. Muscular contraction occurs only through part of the movement
Which of the following is a true statement regarding agonist muscles?

A. Causes a joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting concentrically
B. Causes a joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting isometrically
C. Causes a joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting eccentrically
D. Causes a joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting isokinetically
A. Causes a joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting concentrically
Which of the following is not a true statement regarding antagonist muscles?

A. Muscle is typically located on opposite side of the joint from agonist
B. When activated these muscles have the opposite concentric action
C. Also known as contralateral muscles
D. These muscles work against agonist muscles by contracting and preventing movement
D. These muscles work against agonist muscles by contracting and preventing movement
Which of the following is a true statement regarding stabilizer muscles?

A. Are essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements
B. Contract to unlock the joint to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and/or move
C. Known as guiding muscles
D. Are located opposite a joint or body part
A. Are essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements
Which of the following is a true statement regarding synergist muscles?

A. Assist in action of antagonists
B. Are always considered to be prime movers for the action
C. Known as guiding muscles
D. Assist in refined movement and cause undesired motions
C. Known as guiding muscles
Which of the following is the basic functional unit of the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting nervous impulses?
A. Dendrite
B. Neuron
C. Ganglion
D. Dermatome
B. Neuron
Which of the following is not a classification of neuron type?

A. Sensory
B. Motor
C. Peripheral
D. Interneuron
C. Peripheral
Which of the following is a proprioceptor associated with muscle tissue?

A. Pacian corpuscle
B. Golgi Tendon Organ
C. Meissner's corpuscle
D. Ruffini organ
B. Golgi Tendon Organ
The subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement is _____.

A. kinesthesis
B. proprioception
C. reflex
D. pathogenesis
B. proprioception
Which of the following do not result in the contraction of the muscle fibers in a particular motor unit?

A. Maximal stimulus
B. Submaximal stimulus
C. Threshold stimulus
D. Subthreshold stimulus
D. Subthreshold stimulus
_____ occurs when an antagonistic muscle becomes stretched to the point at which it can no longer lengthen and allow movement.
A. Active insufficiency
B. Countercurrent movement
C. Passive insufficiency
D. Reciprocal innervation
C. Passive insufficiency
Regarding the angle of pull, a muscle would be most effective in moving a joint when its angle of pull is at _____ degrees.

A. 32
B. 84
C. 99
D. 102
B. 84
List the four properties of muscle tissue. 1. Contractility2. Irritability3. Extensibility4. Elasticity
1. Contractility
2. Irritability
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity
T/F
Biomechanics is the study of mechanics related to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems.
True
T/F
Statics is the study of systems that are in a constant state of motion
True
T/F
A constant state of motion accurately describes a system when no motion is occurring
True
T/F
Dynamics is the study of systems in motion that are subjected to acceleration.
True
T/F
Levers rotate about an axis of rotation as a result of a force being applied to cause movement in the same direction as the resistance.
False
T/F
In a first class lever arrangement the agonist and antagonist muscle groups may contract simultaneously on either side of a joint axis.
True
T/F
In order for rotation to occur in objects with a fixed axis an eccentric force must be applied.
True
T/F
The resistance arm is the distance between the axis and the point of lever application
False
T/F
Minor variations in the point of force application have no effect in determining the effective force of the muscle.
False
T/F
Overall the human leverage system is built for speed and range of movement at the expense of force generation.
True
T/F
Short force arms and long resistance arms require greater muscular force to produce movement as compared to longer force arms with a long resistance arm
True
T/F
In a wheel axle mechanical arrangement only the radius of the wheel corresponds to the force arm.
False
T/F
Linear displacement is the distance that a system moves along a straight line
True
T/F
Angular displacement is the change in location of a linearly moving body
False
T/F
Mass is the effect of gravity on the amount of matter in the body
False
T/F
The mass of an object affects the speed and acceleration of the object during movement
True
T/F
Friction is the force that results from the resistance between the surfaces of two objects from moving one moving upon another.
True
T/F
Muscles are the main source of force that produce or change movement of a body segment or the entire body.
True
T/F
During rapid running movement where inertia is high the center of gravity of the body must be raised in order to maintain balance when stopping or changing direction
False
T/F
Some circumstances exist where movement is improved when the body tends to be unbalanced.
True
T/F
Velocity is how fast an object is moving, or the distance an object travels in a specific amount of time.
False
T/F
A person riding a bicycle in straight line at 7.5 miles an hour would be more balanced than the same person riding the bicycle 4.8 miles an hour in a straight line
True
T/F
A football player in a four-point stance has more balance than the same football player in a three-point stance.
True
T/F
Assuming that the bat speed and pitched ball velocity were the same, the ball hit with the middle of the bat would travel further than the ball hit with the larger end of the bat.
False
Which of the types of muscle contraction is usually utilized in causing an object's deceleration?

A. Concentric
B. Eccentric
C. Isokinetic
D. Isometric
B. Eccentric
Kinematics is the description of motion and includes consideration of each of the following except?
A. Time
B. Displacement
C. Velocity
D. Forces
D. Forces
Which of the following does not describe a way in which machines function?

A. Balance of multiple forces
B. Enhances force in an attempt to increase total force needed to overcome a resistance
C. Enhance range of motion & speed of movement so that resistance may be moved further or faster than applied force
D. Alter resulting direction of the applied force
B. Enhances force in an attempt to increase total force needed to overcome a resistance
Which of the following types of machine is most common in the musculoskeletal system arrangements of the human body?

A. Pulleys
B. Wheel-axles
C. Levers
D. None of the above choices is correct
C. Levers
Elbow extension where the triceps applies force to olecranon process in extending the non-supported forearm at the elbow is an example of which type of lever arrangement?

A. First class
B. Second class
C. Third class
D. None of the above choices is correct
A. First class
Which of the following is not true regarding the force arm of a lever?

A. Is determined by multiplying the distance from the axis by the force
B. Also known as the moment arm or torque arm
C. Is the shortest distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force
D. The greater the distance of the force arm then the more torque produced by the force
A. Is determined by multiplying the distance from the axis by the force
Which of the following pairs of variables exhibits an inverse relationship?

A. The force and the force arm
B. The resistance and the resistance arm
C. Both of the above statements exhibit an inverse relationship
D. None of the above choices is correct
C. Both of the above statements exhibit an inverse relationship
Which of the following statements is false regarding the proportional relationship between force components and resistance components?

A. The closer the force application is to the axis of rotation the greater the amount of resistance that can be moved
B. If either of the resistance components increase, there must be an increase in one or both of force components
C. The greater resistance or resistance arm requires greater force or longer force arm
D. The greater the force or force arm allows a greater amount of resistance to be moved or a longer resistance arm to be used
A. The closer the force application is to the axis of rotation the greater the amount of resistance that can be moved
Which of the following is a possible advantage of a wheel axle mechanical arrangement?

A. Increased force
B. Increased range of motion
C. Decreased speed of movement
D. Decreased range of motion
B. Increased range of motion
Which of the following is not considered to be a law of motion and physical activity?

A. Body motion is produced or started by some action of muscular system
B. Motion cannot occur without a force
C. The muscular system is source of force in humans
D. There are three types of motion
D. There are three types of motion
Which of the following is a type of linear motion?

A. Angular motion
B. Curvilinear motion
C. Angulolinear motion
D. Curviangular motion
B. Curvilinear motion
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between linear and angular motion?

A. Angular motion of the joints produces linear motion.
B. linear Motion of the joints produces angular motion.
C. Both of the above choices are correct.
D. None of the above choices is correct.
A. Angular motion of the joints produces linear motion.
Which of the following is Newton's Law of Inertia?

A. For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.
B. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force.
C. A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it.
D. None of the choices is correct.
B. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force.
Which of the following is the Law of Acceleration?

A. For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.
B. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force.
C. A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it.
D. None of the above choices is correct.
C. A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it
Which of the following is the Law of Reaction?

A. For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.
B. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force.
C. A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it.
D. None of the above choices is correct.
A. For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.
Which of the following is an example of a type of friction?

A. Static
B. Kinetic
C. Both of the above choices are correct
D. None of the above choices is correct
C. Both of the above choices are correct
Which of the following is not among the general factors that positively affect the achievement of balance?

A. The center of gravity falls outside the base of support
B. A larger base of support
C. A greater weight of an object
D. A lower center of gravity
A. The center of gravity falls outside the base of support
Which of the following statements is false regarding forces?

A. May either push or pull on an object
B. Product of mass and acceleration
C. Without forces acting on an object there would be no motion
D. Relative to the mass of an object
D. Relative to the mass of an object
Which of the following is not an example that results from excessive tissue deformation due to mechanical loading?

A. Compression
B. Straightening
C. Shear
D. Bending
B. Straightening
Which of the following factors may enhance stability?

A. Lowering the body's center of gravity within the base of support
B. Moving the body's center of gravity closer to the center of the base of support
C. Both of the above choices are correct
D. None of the above choices is correct
C. Both of the above choices are correct
Which of the following definitions is correct?

A. Rolling friction is always less than static or kinetic friction.
B. Static equilibrium is when the body is at rest or completely motionless.
C. Both of the above choices are correct.
D. None of the above choices is correct.
C. Both of the above choices are correct
For two objects in contact with each other which of the following would result in the greatest amount of friction?

A. One object sliding across the other
B. One object sitting stationary on the other
C. One object rolling across the other
D. The amount of friction would be the same in all of the above examples
B. One object sitting stationary on the other
Which of the following could be done to reduce the amount of force needed to move a lever?

A. Move the resistance closer to the axis
B. Apply the force further from the axis
C. Decrease the amount of resistance
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following levers would be best to use to move a specific object if your only objective was slight movement of the object?

A. 1st class with resistance arm of 10 and force arm of 10
B. 2nd class with resistance arm of 10 and force arm of 20
C. 3rd class with resistance arm of 20 and force arm of 10
D. Each would be just as effective as the others
B. 2nd class with resistance arm of 10 and force arm of 20
Which of the following levers would be best to use to move a specific object if your only objective was speed of the object's movement?

A. 1st class with resistance arm of 10 and force arm of 10
B. 2nd class with resistance arm of 10 and force arm of 20
C. 3rd class with resistance arm of 20 and force arm of 10
D. Each would be just as effective as the others
C. 3rd class with resistance arm of 20 and force arm of 10
The point at which all of the body's mass and weight is equally balanced or equally distributed in all directions is the _____.

A. balance point
B. point of equilibrium
C. axis
D. center of gravity
D. center of gravity
Name the 3 types of muscles
Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac
Epimysium surrounds
each muscle
Perimysium surrounds
bundles of fibers
Endomysium surrounds
each muscle fiber
Actin = __________
Myosin = ___________
actin thin
myosin thick
What has crossbridges?
myosin
Fiber with red color
Fiber with white color
red = Type 1
White = type 2
___% muscle loss from ages 25-50
10
___% muscle loss from ages 50-80
40
thin envelope that surrounds muscles and puts them into compartments
fascia
Syndrome where is muscles are too large, they may impinge on nerve and blood vessels and cause tissue death
Compartment Syndrome

from overuse and sterioids
Attaches muscle to bone
tendon
tendons that fan out
aponeuroses
what gene limits how big you can get?
myostatin
muscle lengthens
eccentric
What contractions creates greatest force?
eccentric
also called a "negative" contraction
eccentric
Muscle shortens with constant load
isotonic/concentric
also called a "positive" contraction
concentric/isotonic
constant state of contraction without movement
isometric contraction
Contraction of a muscle under varying loads
Isokinetic contraction (biodex machine)
modification vs acommodation
modification = different/new activity

Acommodation = same activity but easier form
How many days a week for plyometric training?
no more than two

need to be able to squat/leg press 66% of body weight
How many days a week for lifting?
3-4 unless alternating body parts
Lift speed
4 seconds lowering
2 seconds pushing
Maximum strength is _____ of absolute
2/3
Factors that affect flexibility
Activity
Age
Gender
Temperature
Genetics
Limits to Flexibility
Joint capsule - 45%
Muscle/connective tissue - 41%
Tendon - 10%
Skin - 2%
...
What does PNF stretching stand for?
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
Four lobes of brain and functions
Frontal: emotion, judgement
Parietal: sensations
Temporal: hearing
Occipital: Sight
What does the diencephalon consist of?
thalmus and hypothalmus
What is anencephaly
born without cerebrum
What is cyclocephaly
only one eye socket
Grades of concussions
1: no loss of conciousness
2: amnesia and brief LOC
3: LOC >1 min
Babinski test uses what
reflex hammer
What do muscle spindles do?
prevent muscle injury
Golgi tendon organs do what when they are stimulated?
inhibit contraction
What is a motor unit?
a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates
How many sense does the brain process?
8

Auditory
Visual
Proprioceptive
Somatosensory
Vestibular
Gustatory
Olfactory
Interoception
3 Types of friction
Static
kinetic
rolling
Forces that act on body
body mass
friction
air/water
muscles
reaction forces
objects in motion tend to stay in motion
inertia
5 forms of motion
linear
angular
rectilinear
curvilinear
random
How much g force can humans withstand
4-5
what is torque?
rotation about an axis
the longer the lever, the greater the _______
force
Compression is a _________ force
squeezing
Tension is a _________ force
pulling
Shear force acts against the _________ of an object
width
Bending is compression on one side and ________ on the other
tension
Combination force is a combo of what two forces?
Shear and bending
Levers = ________
Axes = ___________
bones
joints
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