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Child Psych Exam 2

Terms in this set (91)

How much weight do newborns lose within the first few days?
5-7%
At 5 months, how much does an infant weigh?
around 15 pounds (their weight has doubled since birth)
At 1 year old, how much does an infant weigh?
around 22 pounds (their weight has tripled since birth)
At 2 years old, how much does an infant weigh?
around 26-32 pounds (their weight has quadrupled since birth)
cephalocaudal principle
growth from "head to tail"

brain develops sooner than the rest of the body
proximosdistal principle
growth from the center of the body outward

organs develop quicker than the outside of the body
differentiation principle
skills go from global to specific and distinct

response to pain -- when babies feel pain, they cannot pinpoint where the pain is coming from like adults can
principle of independence of systems
different body systems grow at different rates

nervous system grows more rapidly than the muscle/skeletal system
synaptic pruning
neurons die off due to lack of stimulation
myelination
the process of forming a myelin sheath around a nerve to allow impulses to move more quickly
Plasticity
degree to which a developing structure of behavior is modifiable
How much do newborns sleep during the day?
16-17 hours per day in 2 hour blocks

no discernible sleep pattern
At 2-4 months, what happens to an infant's sleep schedule?
their sleep pattern emerges
At 4-6 months, what happens to an infant's sleep schedule?
they start to sleep longer at night
At 6 months to 1 year, what happens to an infant's sleep schedule?
they begin to sleep through the night
What are some of the benefits of breast feeding?
breast milk is easy to digest

it contains essential nutrients

it helps the immune system

the child receives more emotional benefit

child has less of a chance of getting ear infections, allergies, and/or asthma
What are some of the benefits of bottle feeding?
formula is more convenient for working mothers

fathers have more involvement

sometimes necessary for mothers with certain health problems

has no long-term negative consequences
fine motor skills
grasping, holding, and manipulating objects

ulnar grasp
pincer grasp
gross motor skills
motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as walking, sitting up, or crawling
FTT (failure to thrive)
failure to gain weight within the normal limits
Marasmus
wasting away due to lack of nutrients

typically a result of a family not having access to good foods
Kwashiorkor
protein-energy malnutrition

body attacks itself and gets proteins from that
Nonorganic FTT (failure to thrive)
infant stops growing due to lack of stimulation and attention

environmentally based
Canalization
tendency to return to genetically determined pattern of growth
Describe the visual abilities in infants
least mature sense

newborns cannot see past 20 feet (20/600)

by 6 months old, 20/50 vision and peripheral vision have developed

prefer contrasts and patterns from birth

20/20 by 3-5 years old
At 3 1/2 months old, describe a child's auditory abilities
they can discriminate parents voices
At 4 1/2 months old, describe a child's auditory abilities
they are able to recognize their name
At 6-12 months old, describe a child's auditory abilities
they can limit sound discriminations to native language
At 12-18 months old, describe a child's auditory abilities
their sound localization is fully developed
sensation
stimulation of the sense organs and transmission of this information to the brain
perception
interpretation of stimuli from the sense organs by the brain
perceptual constancy
the tendency to perceive objects as the same even though the sensations produced by them may differ when, for example, they differ in position or distance
List the 4 distinct stages believed by Piaget
sensorimotor (birth-2)

preoperational (2-7)

concrete operational (7-11)

formal operational (11+)
scheme
action, pattern, or mental structure involved in acquisition or organization of knowledge

adapts and changes with development
assimilation
incorporation of new knowledge into existing schemes
accommodation
modification of schemes due to new information/knowledge
Substage 1: Simple Reflexes (0-1 month)
reflexive schemes - modify based on experience

few purposeful actions, everything happens more by chance
substage 2: primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
primary - actions on body

circular - repetitive actions

start to control reflexes and develop schemes by receptive motor habits
Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
secondary - objects

circular - repetitive actions

accidentally does something with an object and intentionally repeats

start to observe impact on the external world
Substage 4: Coordination of Secondary Schemes (8-12 months)
goal-directed behavior

begin to imitate others

can make new behavior occur on purpose

sense of anticipation
Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
experimentation - trial and error behaviors

"mini scientist" - vary actions to see different effects
Substage 6: Invention of New Means through Mental Combinations (18-24 months)
mental exploration - child can think through solutions

symbolic imitation and play - uses a stick as a sword, plays "dress up"
What is a developmental quotient (DQ)?
an overall developmental score of 4 domains -- motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal/social skills

infant's DQ is not predictive of his/her later IQ
explicit memory
conscious memory of facts and experiences
implicit memory
unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations
prelinguistic communication
communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonverbal means
At 2 months old, what initial sounds is a child making?
cooing (vowel sounds)
At 6 months old, what initial sounds is a child making?
babbling (consonant and vowel sounds)
At 10-12 months old, what initial sounds is a child making?
echolalia (repeating consonant/vowel combos)
At 10-14 months old, what sounds is a child making?
starting to say first words
At 15 months, how many words is a child saying?
around 10 words
At 16-24 months, how many words is a child saying?
"naming explosion" -- vocabulary increases drastically
At what age do children start saying their first full sentences?
18-24 months
holophrases
one word used to convey the whole phrase

"dada" vs. "there goes dada"
telegraphic speech
use of a few essential words to convey an idea

"give ball", "we go"
overextension
the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning

sees a cat, but says "dog"
underextension
the overly restrictive use of words

only 1 doll = "dolly", not multiple dolls
overregulize rules
apply rules of grammar rigidly

"goes" vs. "went"
Learning Theory (skinner)
language learned through modeling and reinforcement of babbling

nurture perspective
Nativist Approach (Chomsky)
a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development

nature perspective and language acquisition device
Interactionist Approach
the view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language
What did the Harlow experiment conclude as being the key to infant-mother bonding?
infants prefer comfort over attachment
What doe Ainsworth's Strange Situation illustrate?
strength of attachment between a child and mother
secure attachment
Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened

instantly seek mom out when she returns
avoidant attachment
infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return
ambivalent/resistant attachment
pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.
disorganize-disoriented attachment
inconsistent and contradictory responses

seem dazed, confused, or disoriented
physical abuse
actions causing pain and physical injury
sexual abuse
sexual molestation, exploitation, and intercourse
neglect
not providing basic physical and emotional needs
physical neglect
failure to provide adequate food, shelter, or clothing
educational neglect
permitting or forcing a child to be truant
medical neglect
failure to provide needed medical care
emotional neglect
failure to provide adequate nurturance and emotional support
emotional abuse
actions that impair the child's emotional, social, or intellectual functioning

actions that are harmful or threatening
In the US in 2016, how many reports of abuse/neglect were filed?
4.1 million reports
In the US in 2016, how many unique victims were filed?
676,000
In the US in 2016, how many fatalities were filed?
1,750
What are the parental risk factors involved in abuse?
parental stress, depression, substance abuse, parent history of being abused, lack of education (parenting skills), lack of resources
What are some of the outcomes of abuse/neglect?
injury/death, behavioral problems, delays in development, academic problems, anxiety, depression, suicidal gestures

later in life... relationship problems, drug and alcohol abuse, work-related problems
What are some of the associated features associated with autism?
sensory/perceptual, eating, sleeping abnormalities and unusual dears, behavior problems
What are some of the causes of autism?
current evidence suggests biological basis including genetic factors and brain abnormalities

well controlled scientific studies strongly suggest that vaccines are NOT a cause of autism
What are some of the treatment methods of autism?
higher IQ, language skills, and treatment initiation at an earlier age -- better long term outcomes

intensive early intervention based on learning theory (applied behavior analysis)
When do children start to smile?
reflexive at birth

social smile at 6-8 weeks
When do children begin to cry?
reflexive at first then different types

physical needs first then cognitive & emotional
When does children's emotional regulation develop?
ability to control and cope with strong emotions
What is the mirror test?
a measure of self-awareness

the test gauges self-awareness by determining whether an animal can recognize its own reflection in a mirror as an image of itself
stranger anxiety
wariness infants display with an unfamiliar

appears 5-7 months, peaks 9-12 months, declines 18-24 months
separation anxiety
distress displayed by infants when a primary caregiver departs

appears 7-8 months, peaks at 12-18 months, slowly declines over time
Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18 months)
depends on how well child's needs are met
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months-3 years)
independence and autonomy if permitted to explore

shame and self-doubt if restricted or overprotected
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