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HLTH 314 Midterm 2

Terms in this set (51)

pollutants included in the EPA's air quality index
1. ground level ozone
2. carbon monoxide
3. particle pollution
4. sulfur dioxide
5. nitrogen dioxide
6. lead
what are the pollutants in haze?
ozone
particulate matter (PM10 or 2.5)
components of acid rain
How does haze form?
seen when sun hits particles in the air
particles ten to be ozone.
what makes up particle matter?
ozone
sulfur dioxide
nitrogen dioxide
carbon monoxide
acids
organic chemicals
metals
soil/dust particles
PM10
chemical symbol for particular matter smaller than 10 micrometers
PM2.5
chemical symbol for particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers
what are particles under 10mm or 2.5 mm?
...
how does indoor air get polluted?
released from source inside
how does ventilation in buildings work?
infiltration- outdoor air through openings joints and cracks
natural ventilation- open doooooooooooooor
mechanical ventilation- vents
what populations are more exposed/ likely to get sicnesses?
children, older people
what are the health problems that are linked with air pollution?
cardio: irregular heartbeat, heart attack
respiratory: asthma, lung cancer, respiratory infections, reduced lung capacity
what did professor Robbie Chaneys research show about exposure to air polution for different modes of transportation?
driving with windows open got most, driving with closed window got least.
**Check slides**
what qualities of water are routinely tested?
temperature
turbidity
color
odor
hardness (pH)
concentrations
algal growth
presence of hydrocarbons, metals, toxic substance
what are main sources of pollution in groundwater?
agriculture, industry, and urbanization
what are main sources of pollution in rivers?
agriculture run off, pesticides,
what are main sources of pollution in lakes?
nitrogen and phosphorous loading, siltation, low dissolved oxygen from agricultural runoff, storm runoff, habitat modification, and municipal sewage effluent; leads to eutrophication, where excess nutrients cause too much algal bloom, suffocating organisms inside the lake
what is point and non-point?
point- descrete locations that discharge pollutants
ex) factories, power plants, oil wells
non-point: scattered or diffused, no specific location
ex) storm run off, runoff from fields and lawns
-more difficult to monitor
what is the definition of sanitation? examples?
measures, methods, and activities that prevent the transmission of disease and ensure public health.
-safe collection, removal and disposal of waste
ejemplo: proper hygiene
proper cleaning
where in the world do people lack access to adequate sanitation facilities?
sub sahara africa and south asia
india and china
iraq, jordan, malaysia
morocco, niger
rwanda
what is hygiene? examples?
any practice that helps to maintain health and prevent spread of disease.
ex) brushing teeth
washing body
soap
what are health problems linked with contaminated water?
cholera??
stable ecosystems model
no waste>> only needs to be connected with appropriete organism that requires such product for nutrients.
ex) use wash water for irrigation
technologies that WHO and UNICEF focus on for improving sanitation
use a composting toilet
connect to a piped sewer system
connect a septic system
use a flushing toilet
use a flush/ pour flush to a pit latrine
use a pit latrine with slab
ventilating an improves pit latrine

The main idea behind all these technologies is that they "hygienically separate human excreta from human contact".
principles from Nicaragua sanitation case study
...
pest
Unwanted organism that directly or indirectly interferes with human activities.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Combined use of biological, chemical, and cultivation methods in proper sequence and timing to keep the size of a pest population below the size that causes economically unacceptable loss of a crop or livestock animal.
-not exclusively pesticide
examples of IPM
-pest resistant crops
biological control
the intentional release of a natural enemy to attack a pest population
examples of biological control
-screw worm
-klamath weed
-introduced sterile males>>> wont produces more.
Why is vector control important?
...
communicable diseases transmitted to humans by vectors
-malaria
-wes nile
dengue fever
lymes disease
zika
4 basic elements of WHOS malaria control strategy
-early diagnosis and treatment
-selective
Occupational Health
The identification and control of risks arising from physical, chemical, and other workplace hazards in order to establish and maintain a safe and healthy working environment.
What are OSHA and NIESH
OSHA- assure health standards are being met (covers all private sector companies)
NIESH- research arm, database
Who does OSHA not cover?
Government workers, self employed practices, family members of farm employers, and workplace hazards regulated by another agency
mining, energy, coast guard.
steve thyrgerson
-back injury
-silica exposure
**Look over slides!!!**
third reading?
...
most common cause of death in children under 1
injury
common type of unintentional injury in children or adolescents
drowning
falls
burns
sports
motor vehicle accidents
house fires
most common types of injuries that lead to death in older adults
falls
motor accidents
suffocation
fire
poisoning
suicide
risk factors for falls, motor vehicle injury, and suicide in older adults
biological- poor vision
medical- disease or disability to inhibit
behavioral- slowed reflexes
environmental- snow on roads, road construction
socioeconomic status- old car isn't safe
active approaches for injury prevention
changing behavior of INDIVIDUALS
ex)wearing a helmet, gun in storage
passive approaches for injury
approach works automatically
ex) bottle with child proof container
air bag installation
passive leg: law for seatbelts
Haddon Matrix
A way of conceptualizing injury prevention strategies based on the phase and whether the strategy is targeted to the host, the vehicle, or the environment.

The purpose of the grid is to think about possible interventions that would be filled in to the 12 cells, but we didn't get that far in class, and won't go that far on the test.
What cardiovascular and respiratory problems are linked with air pollution?
asthma
lung cancer
non fatal heart attacks
irregular heart beat
In the United States, what are the 3 leading causes of injury-related death in older adults? Also list 2 risk factors for each of those 3 types of injury-related death:
falling- poor vision, drowsiness medication
motor vehicle accidents- old car, slippery roads
suffocation- environmental >chokes on foreign object, too poor for proper food
Which different modes of transportation were tested?
bus
walking
biking
car (wo,wd)
What type of air pollution was measured?
PM2.5
What mode of transportation had the lowest exposure to air pollution, and why?
driving with closed windows- sealed off from outside pollution
bus is worst!
bike and driving with windows open are almost as bad.
Which commute - morning or afternoon - had higher air pollution exposure, and why?
morning had higher exposure
-bc of inversion
What are the public health implications of this research?
better air quality, help prevent future disease and decrease air pollutants
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