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Mid Term Review

Terms in this set (44)

Probable Cause
reasonable belief based on facts
Locard's Exchange of Principle
take something, leave something behind
Sir Robert Peel
Rule of Law
Sir Alex Jeffreys
developed the first DNA profiling test in 1984
DNA convicts, DNA Exonerates
Colin Pitchfork
Colin Pitchfork
murdered a 15 yr old girl and rape, DNA wasn't anything yet
Murdered and raped another girl, got DNA
First time DNA was used to convict and exonerate case
East Coast Rapist
Maryland, Virginia, Rhode Island, CT
Collected 11 DNA couldn't connect to anyone
Aaron Thomas -> prosecuted for 11 cases
used a cig. bud. to get his DNA
connect case through CODIS
Ray Roberson
Didn't have any identifiers
only parts of body were discovered used DNA
King Richard 3
DNA will last a long time
Familial DNA
John Miller/April Tinsley
John Miller/April Tinsley
8 year old girl Indiana 1988, cause of death asphyxiation
only evidence that undies had DNA in ut
condoms left on bicycle of the girls
matched brother to ancestry.com
familial DNA
Tillman
she ID a man
DNA exonerated him
Maryland v. King
allows state and local law enforcement officers to collect DNA samples from individuals who are arrested for a crime of violence
Bill of Rights
first 10 Amendments, protects citizens
4th Amendment
unreasonable search and seizure
5th Amendment
due process, fairness
Due Process
arraignment, reads rights, charges, sets bail, gives attorney
Reasonableness
act reasonable evidence will be allowed
Supreme Court
makes the rules
Bail
insurance policy
arraignment
first appearance, brought in front of just 24-48 hours
discovery
government planning fair shares evidence
brady material
evidence known to the prosecution that establishes the innocence of the defendant
Suppression hearing
judge decides what evidence will be let in or suppressed
Suppressed Evidence/Suppression Hearing
Evidence that is not allowed
Terry v. Ohio
pat down search, reasonable suspicion
Plain Feel Doctrine
contraband, immediately apparent it was contraband
Minnesota v. Dickerson
Established the "plain feel" doctrine that states that when police officers conduct Terry-type searches for weapons, they are free to seize items detected through their sense of touch, as long as the plain feel makes it "immediately apparent" that the item is contraband. If an item seized through a search is not "immediately apparent," then it can be suppressed in court.
Stop and Frisk - Pros
Proactive policing
takes weapons off streets
safer community - lower crime rates
tactic to be utilized in specific high crime areas
Stop and Frisk - Cons
unconstitutional (unreasonable search and seizure)
racial profiling
Frisk
Pat down
Search
full search (pockets)
Investigative Detention
stop and frisk 30 minutes
Arrest
Based on probable cause
24 hours
4 Types of compelling evidence
dna
fingerprints
eyewitness
confession
First goal of every investigation
Get probable cause
levels of proof
-reasonable suspicion
-probable cause
-beyond a reasonable doubt
Eyewitness Identification
identification of a suspect by a victim or witness
Reasons for False Eyewitness IDs
- cross racial ID
-Presence of a weapon
-weapon focus effect
-memory degrades overtime
-tester's influence
Double Blind Sequential
tester and witness do not know who the suspect is
the tester shows the image one picture at a time
does not have any indicators
Federal grand jury subpoena
commands to provide testimony and evidence
indictiment
charges against someone
Affidavit - 5 parts
- Intro Self and Case
- Probable Cause Statement (chronological, direct, your side of case)
-Specific location
-Specific item
-Action item of Judge
Key Databases
NCIC, CLEAR, CODIS, IAFIS/NGI, NIBIN, CT SEX OFFENDER REGISTRY
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