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GEO of Canada Midterm Review

Terms in this set (120)

Regionalism
division of large area into diff parts
Region
distinctive area of Earth's surface that has distinguishing characteristics that set it apart form other areas
Uniform Region
named after characteristic where all locations in that region have that characteristic
Functional Region
interactions bw diff areas in region
Cultural Region
based on sense of belonging, bond bw people and region, shared historical experiences, values, common goals
Faultlines
Economic, social and political "cracks" that divide regions and threaten to destabilize Canada's integrity as a nation.
Faultlines within Canada
1. Centralist/Decentralist
2. English/French
3. Indigenous/Non-Indigenous
4. Immigration/Old Timers
Sense of Place
Physiological bond bw people and location
6 Regions of Canada
1. Territorial North
2. British Columbia
3. Western Canada (Prairie Provinces)
4. Ontario
5. Quebec
6. Atlantic Canada
Characteristics of Cores
- Receive raw materials from the periphery
- Manufacturing is a common industry
- Geographically small
- Diverse Economy
- Urban and densely populated
- Home to corporate headquarters
Characteristics of Peripheries
- Purchase finished goods from the core
- Resource based economy
- Geographically large
- Rural and sparsely populated
Theories on the Core/Periphery Model
Regional Exploitation Theory
Modernization Theory
Regional Exploitation Theory
the wealthy core exploits the natural wealth of the periphery leaving it impoverished
Modernization Theory
core invests in periphery & helps it develop
Staple Thesis
explanation on how Canada's economy grew; economic history linked to discovery, utilization, export of staple resources
Staple Product
a natural resource that can be exploited relatively quickly & cheaply for profit
Progression of Canada's Staples
Fish (east)
Furs (east to west)
Timber (wast to west)
Agriculture (ON to west)
Oil (west)
Economic Linkages for Growth
Backward - supplies for staple industry
Forward - local processing before export
Final Demand - service needs fo workers & families
National Policy
1879
Contributed to location of core
created Canada-wide market for goods through implementation of tariffs & restricted trade on foreign goods
Implications of the National Policy
-prevented Canadians from purchasing cheaper goods from US
-favoured further economic and manufacturing growth in ON & QC since this is where transportation costs were minimized
-negative impact in west bc they had to purchase expensive goods from Canada's core, but were selling staple goods to the US at low prices; the US also had its own tariffs
Canada-US Free Trade Agreement
1988
-helped peripheries by providing cheaper products to purchase & larger markets for staple products
- BUT many companies began integrating major plants & feeder factories in one gen location (US & Canadian manufacturing core)
Physical Geography
study of earth's natural features
Igneous
molten rock; emerged from Earth's surface & cooled; hard; resists erosion, often contains minerals
Sedimentary
layered rock composed of materials affected by wind & weathering; flat horizontal; cremated together by pressure & do not contain much mineral content; some fossil fuels
Weathering
breakdown of rock
Erosion
movement of broken material
Metamorphic
forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions; sometimes contains minerals
Canadian Shield (Geologic Element)
ancient igneous, resistant rock; oldest rock in N America, extends form NWT through northern Prairies, northern ON, northern QC & Labrador
Platform Rock
-underlay Interior Plains of continent (NWT to Texas)
-mainly sedimentary; large areas of oil & natural gas
Folded Mountains
folding caused by tectonic plate movement
can cause sedimentary rock to change to metamorphic
Appalachian Mountains
QC & Atlantic Canada; relatively old, well eroded, covered w vegetation
Innuitation Mountains
N Nunavut; jagged but somewhat eroded, mostly inaccessible (no vegetation)
Cordillera Mountains
major ranges includes Rocky Mtns & Coastal Mtns; youngest mtns in Canada; highest, most jagged, permanently snow-capped tops
Physiographic Region
large area of Earth's Crust that has common characteristics: topographic features, geologic process
Canadian Shield
- extends over half of country's land mass
- rock-like surface (mainly rugged land)
-during last ice advance, surfaces were subjected to glacial erosion and deposition
- varied mineral resources
Cordillera
mountains, plateaus, valleys
north-south alignment extends from YK to BC
Interior Plains
-once covered by shallow inland seas where sediments eventually formed sedimentary rock
-deep, wide valleys
Hudson Bay Lowlands
many bogs & muskeg
permafrost widespread
muskeg
poorly drained soil
Arctic Archipelago
coastal plains, plateaus, mountains, Arctic Circle
northern part covered in snow & ice; southern part tundra
continuous permafrost, no tree growth
Appalachian Uplands
rugged & rocky enviro (NFL) & old rounded mtns (NB)
Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands
flat w rolling hills
v fertile soil
Continental Glaciers
Continents covered in ice (Antarctica and Greenland)
Alpine Glacier
a glacier that forms in the mountains
Cirque
valley glaciers erode bowl-shaped basins
Arete
a narrow, knifelike ridge separating two adjacent glaciated valleys
Pleistocene Glaciation
Last ice age, glaciers covered huge parts of the earth. Influenced how land formed. - ice thickest near Hudson's Bay & was crushed into earth - how Great Lakes formed
Evolution of the Great Lakes
ice pushed rock & carved holes which became Great Lakes
Former Lake Agassiz
This was a large lake in what is now Manitoba and Northern Ontario
It was formed from the melting of the continental ice sheet
Climatic Controls
1. Latitude
2. Altitude
3. Proximity to Bodies of Water
4. Ocean Currents
5. Variations in Topography (cold air sinks to valleys)
6. Prevailing Wind
7. Locations of Pressure Systems (warm/cold fronts)
Physiographic Regions of Canada
Canadian Shield, Appalachian Uplands, Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands, Arctic Archipelago, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Interior Plains, Cordillera
Climatic Zones in Canada
Pacific, Cordillera, Prairies, Great Lakes - St. Lawrence, Atlantic, Arctic, Subarctic
Growing Season
The number of days between the last frost in the spring and the first frost in the fall.
Orographic
precipitation caused by air rising up a mountain
Convective
thunderstorm caused by air rising off hot ground
Desert
area that receives less than 250mm precipitation annually
Vegetation in Canada
forests, grasslands, tundra
Xerophyte
plant adapted to low amounts of water
Krumholtz
plant that grows sideways bc harsh dry winds desiccate upper part of plant
Tailk
area under lake where there's no permafrost
Continuous Permafrost
>=80% ground permanently frozen
discontinuous permafrost
30-80% of the ground is permanently frozen
Sporadic permafrost
less that 30% of ground permanently frozen
Cryosolic Soil
found north of tree line, where mean annual temp is below 0, where continuous permafrost is common
dominant soil in Arctic Archipelago & around Hudson Bay
Podzolic Soil
found in cool, moist climates (Canadian Shield) & is light grey in colour
coniferous vegetation most commonly associated w it
leaching evident (moisture easily percolates downward through soil)
Luvisolic Soil
found in humid continental climates (southern ON)
deciduous vegetation, organic content
Chernozemic Soil
found in dry climates (Prairies)
soil is dark in colour w relatively high organic content; leaching evident
east to west: grass gets taller, darker, thicker
Mountain Complex
Cordillera (soil varies by slope and aspect)
Palliser's Triangle
A roughly triangular-shaped semi-arid area of southeast Alberta and south-west Saskatchewan, south of the Saskatchewan River, first identified by Captain John Palliser during an expedition to the Canadian West
Unsuitable for agriculture
Cattle grazing & wheat growing; farmers require govn't subsidies to aid in surviving through drought
Divides
form boundaries that separate drainage basins; ridge of higher land that separates why river flows
Contential Divide
An imaginary line runs north and south along the highest points in the rocky mountains. Separates which ocean river will drain into
Basins in Canada
Pacific, Arctic, Gulf of Mexico, Hudson Bay, Atlantic
Columbia Ice Field
last remaining ice sheet in southern Canada
terra nullis
empty land
Battle of Plains of Abraham
1759
British North America Act
1867 - ON, QC, NB, NS
BC joins confederation
1871
PEI joins confederation
1873
AB and SK join confederation
1905
NFL
1949
Fiscal Capacity
The ability of a province to raise its own revenue
Have Not Provinces
ON, QC, NS, NB, PEI, MB
Have Provinces
BC, AB, SK, NFL
First Nations
people may be members of a band who signed a treaty; entitled to certain rights from fed govn't
Metis
People of mixed heritage - usually Native American and French Canadian descent
Inuit
descendants of Thule people
Doukhobors
communalists (= advocates of communal living) who wanted little to do w govn't
refused to serve in Russian army ∴persecuted by Russia
granted blocks of land in Canada & freedom from military service
refused to swear an oath of allegiance to King of England
Dominion Lands Act cancelled their rights to land
Nation
distinct cultural group
Population Density
Number of individuals per unit area
Population by Region (highest to lowest)
ON, QC, Western Canada, BC, Atlantic, Territorial North
Population Distribution
dispersal of pop within geographic area
Ecumene
Inhabited land
Urban
area with population with greater than 1000 AND greater than 400 people per km squared
CMA
Census Metropolitan Area
Densely Populated Zone
Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands
moderately populated zone
Extents coast to coast roughly bw 49th & 50th parallels of latitude
Sparsely Populated Zone
Extends coast to coast over mid-section of country
less than 1% of Canadians live here
Isolated Settlements Zone
Occupies northern part of Canada & mostly inhospitable for settlement
Fewer than 0.1% of Canada's pop lives here
Most reside in Indigenous regions
Crude birth rate
The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.
crude death rate
The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.
Rate of Natural Increase
crude birth rate - crude death rate
Net Migration
difference bw in- & out- migration
demographic transition theory
shift of birth rates & death rates from high to low levels
Phase 1: Late Pre-Industrial
high birth & death rates
little to no natural increase; stable pop
Phase 2: Early Industrial
falling death rates
v high rates of natural increase
Phase 3: Late Industrial
falling birth rates
high but declining rates or natural increase
Phase 4: Early Post-Industrial
low birth & death rates
little to no natural increase; stable pop
Phase 5: Late Post-Industrial
birth rate below death rate
declining pop (natural decrease)
age-dependancy ratio
The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 65 as a proportion of the working-age population.
youth dependency ratio
The ratio of the number of people 0-14 to those 15-64 years of age
old-age dependency ratio
ratio of those over 64 to the productive age
Reasons Canada Encourages Immigration
1. necessary to keep pop growing
2. newcomers add to workforce
3. Canada accepts refugees fleeing oppressive conditions
4. some immigrants more willing to do seasonal jobs
Allophone
person whose mother tongue is not English, French, or Indigenous language
Ethnic Group
members of a pop who share a culture that is distinct from other groups
Culture
learned collective behaviour of a group of people
Hutterites
strongly believe in pacifism
immigrated to Canada from US bc refused to serve US military during WWI
established in eastern Prairies
30,000 in Canada today
Pacifism
opposition to all war
Ethnocentricity
the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own group and culture
Canadian Values
1. govn't based on British sys of parliamentary institutions
2. 2 official languages ensure place for French & English (but no official standing for other languages)
3. Indigenous people have special rights from treaties & land claim agreements
4. National identity based on Constitution (1867) and Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)
Economic Sectors
primary (taking raw materials from earth - agriculture, mining), secondary (manufacturing - textile or auto industries), tertiary (providing goods or services), quaternary (knowledge that leads to decision making by companies & govnt)
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