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Caden K- Psychology Notes Chapter 8

Terms in this set (60)

human development
the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death
longitudinal design
research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time
cross-sectional design
research design in which several different participant age groups are studied at one particular point in time
cross-sequential design
research design in which participants are first studies by means of a cross-sectional design, but are also followed and assessed longitudinally
nature
the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
nurture
the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
genetics
the science of inherited traits
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA; special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism
gene
section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements
chromosome
tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA
dominant
referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait
recessive
referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene
ovum
the female sex cell, or egg
fertilization
the union of the ovum and sperm
zygote
cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm
monozygotic twins
identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo
dizygotic twins
often called fraternal twins, occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time
germinal period
first 2 weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
embryo
name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization
embryonic period
the period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop
critical periods
times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant
teratogen
any factor that can cause a birth defect
fetal period
the time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby
fetus
name for the developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby
cognitive development
the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory
scheme
in this case, a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events
sensorimotor stage
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment
object permanence
the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
preoperational stage
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world
egocentrism
the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes
centration
in Piaget's theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features
conservation
in Piaget's theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature
irreversibility
in Piaget's theory, the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action
concrete operations stage
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes, but is not yet capable of abstract thinking
formal operations stage
Piaget's last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking
scaffolding
process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable
zone of proximal development
also known as ZPD; Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with the help of a teacher
temperament
the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at brith, such as "easy," "difficult," and "slow to warm up"
attachment
the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver
gender
the behavior associated with being male or female
gender identity
perception of one's gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender
adolescence
the period of life from about age 13 to the early 20s, during which a young person is no longer physically a child, but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult
puberty
they physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak
personal fable
type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm
imaginary audience
type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent's thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are
preconventional morality
first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior
conventional morality
second level of Kohlber's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior
postconventional morality
third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may or may not be in disagreement with accepted social norms
identity versus role confusion
stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self
menopause
the cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a women's reproductive capability
andropause
gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of middle-aged males
intimacy
an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining a sense of self
generativity
providing guidance to one's children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work
authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
permissive parenting
style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands on a child's behavior
permissive neglectful
permissive parenting in which parent are uninvolved with child or child's behavior
permissive indulgent
permissive parenting in which parents are so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits
authoritative parenting
style of parenting in which parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits on a child's behavior
ego integrity
sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life possessing the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego
activity theory
theory of adjustment to aging the assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby
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