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Chemistry Ch1

Terms in this set (39)

Chemistry
science of matter by examining the behavior of atoms and molecules
Observation
what a scientist sees
Scientific Law
brief statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones. ex. law of conservation of matter
Scientific Theory
allows you to predict behavior and describe the underlying cause of physical behavior
Matter
anything that occupies space and mass, which can be classified by state and composition
Solid
fixed shape and volume, which is incompressible
Liquid
variable shape with a fixed volume and is noncompressible
Gas
variable shape with a variable volume and is compressible
Plasma
highly ionized gas that occurs at high temperatures
Base-Einstein Condensate
found at a few hundred billionths of a degree K in which atoms combine to form a super atom with all the same properties of a single atom
Rydberg Matter
high-energy matter in which the outer most electrons have a flat/planar orbit
Pure Substance
containing only one type of atom or molecule
Element
a pure substance containing only one kind of atom
Compound
a pure substance made up of two or more elements/molecules
Mixture
substance composed of two or more different types of atom or molecules that can be combined in variable proportions
Heterogeneous Mixture
a solution mixed unevenly throughout the solution, ex. chocolate chip cookie
Homogenous Mixture
a solution mixed evenly throughout the solution. ex. air
Decanting
separates a liquid and a solid by carefully pouring off the liquid leaving the solid behind
Filtration
separates a solid and a liquid by pouring the mixture through a filter, which the liquid passes through by not the solid
Distillation
separates a miscible(mixes equally in all proportions) liquid by boiling off the one with a lower boiling point
Physical Change
occurs when you only change the state of the substance and not the identity of the substance
Chemical Change
occurs when a reaction occurs; when you change the chemical make up of the substance from what you started with
Physical Properties
describe the appearance of the type of matter
Extensive Property
depends on the amount of substance present, ex. mass and volume
Intensive Property
does not depend on the amount of substance present. ex/ density and boiling point
Chemical Property
one that a substance displays only by changing its composition via a chemical change
Precision
depends on the number of times you get the same results
Accuracy
depends on the degree of closeness to the actual value
1 amu
1.67 x 10^-24 grams
J.J. Thompson
discovered the negatively charged electron with the help of a modified cathode ray tube by adding two adjustable voltage electrodes
Millikan
discovered the charge of an electron and later on the mass of an electron with the use of the oil drop experiment
Rutherford
discovered the positively charged proton and the nucleus by the gold foil experiment. basically he said that the nucleus is very dense
Atomic Number
the number of protons in the atom's nucleus
Mass Number
adding the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus yields this value
Isotope
An element with a different number of neutrons
Relative Abundance
percentage of an isotope that exists in nature. the sum of all isotope abundances has to equal 100%
Metals
usually lose electrons when involved in chemical reactions
Nonmetals
usually gain electrons from metals and share electrons with nonmetals in a reaction
Metalloids
also called semi-metals, or semi-conductors. can be a metal or nonmetal. found on the region of the periodic table between the metals and nonmetals
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