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BKLO 146-163

Terms in this set (49)

All of the following are true about stimulus control except:

A. In order to develop an excitatory gradient, the response must be reinforced
B. A peak shift refers to when an organism displays stronger responding to a stimulus farther from the excitatory stimuli than to the actual excitatory stimulus
C. Inhibitory gradients develop around a CS- or S-
D. CS+ and S+ are excitatory stimuli
A. In order to develop an excitatory gradient, the response must be reinforced
An _______(A) generalization gradient develops around the S+ whereas an ________(B) generalization gradient develops around the S-.

excitatory
inhibitory
inverse
refractory
A. excitatory
B. inhibitory
_______ are graphs that show stimulus discrimination training results by showing the strength of the response according to stimuli of varying levels of similarity to the stimuli present during conditioning.
generalization gradients
Match the definition with the correct term as they apply to operant conditioning.

A. Stimulus that indicates the behavior will not receive reinforcement
B. Not responding (or responding less) to stimuli that are not the S+
C. When a response is emitted in the presence of a particular stimuli but not in the presence of other stimuli
D. When changes in behavior that occur in one situation spread (or travel) to other situations (situations are made up of stimuli)
E. Stimulus that indicates the behavior will receive reinforcement

Stimulus control
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
S+ also known as the SD
S- also known as the S△
A. S- also known as the S△
B. Stimulus discrimination
C. Stimulus control
D. Stimulus generalization
E. S+ also known as the SD
A peak shift can develop if:

A. if the excitatory generalization gradient does not overlap with the inhibitory generalization gradient.
B. there is an explicit excitatory and explicit inhibitory stimulus and the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients overlap.
C. if there is more generalization around the S+ than around the S-.
D. if there is more discrimination than generalization.
B. there is an explicit excitatory and explicit inhibitory stimulus and the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients overlap.
_______ refers to inhibitory and excitatory control of stimuli over classically conditioned responses and operantly conditioned behaviors.
stimulus control
Presenting an aversive stimulus to an animal contingent on a behavior will ____ decrease the behavior it follows.

sometimes
always
not
sometimes
Punishment will only be effective if the only way to prevent future punishment is to not engage in the behavior that will result in punishment.

True
False
True
Which of the following are accurate with respect to the manner in which each factor influences the effectiveness of punishment? (Partial credit for each correct)

A. Punishment is most effective when it is administered as immediately as possible after the behavior occurs.
B. Punishment is most effective when the behavior is punished on a Fixed-Ratio 5 schedule.
C. Punishment is most effective when it is contingent on the behavior being punished occurring.
D. Punishment is most effective when the intensity is mild.
A. Punishment is most effective when it is administered as immediately as possible after the behavior occurs.
C. Punishment is most effective when it is contingent on the behavior being punished occurring.
According to Estes's motivational view of punishment (and research supporting this view), punishment work best when it increases the motivation to engage in an alternative behavior to the one being punished.

True
False
False
Which of the following are accurate with respect to the manner in which each factor influences the effectiveness of punishment? (Partial credit for each correct)

A. Punishment is most effective when the punished behavior is not also receiving reinforcement.
B. Punishment is most effective when the organism being punished is deprived of the desired outcome that punishment further deprives the organism of.
C. Punishment is most effective when the intensity of the punishment starts off as mild and gets more intense after each occurrence of the behavior being punished.
D. Punishment is most effective when the individual punishing is also simultaneously providing reinforcement for alternative (or incompatible) behavior to the behavior being punished.
E. Punishment is most effective when the organism being punished is satiated on the reinforcer that the punished behavior is designed to obtain.
A, B, D, and E
When it comes to punishment, which of the following is the most accurate?

A. Punishment will be effective if it makes the animal stop the behavior that is being punished at that moment.
B. Punishment will be effective if it inhibits the behavior that was punished from happening again.
C. Punishment always motivates behaviors that will avoid punishment other than the behavior being punished.
B. Punishment will be effective if it inhibits the behavior that was punished from happening again.
All of the following inhibit punishment being effective except:

A. engaging in an incompatible behavior to the behavior being punished.
B. staying away from the person who will punish you when you have engaged in the behavior to be punished
C. lying to prevent punishment
D. conditioned responses that may elicit cravings to engage in the punished behavior
A. engaging in an incompatible behavior to the behavior being punished.
Research on the effectiveness of punishment has suggested: (Partial credit for each correct)

A. Punishment may only temporarily suppress the future occurrence of the punished behavior
B. Punishment may permanently suppress the future occurrence of the punished behavior
C. Punishment is always effective at reducing the future occurrence of the punished behavior
D. Punishment may have no effect on the future occurrence of the punished behavior
A, B, and D
When done effectively, punishment reduces the future likelihood of...

A. undesired behaviors.
B. desired behaviors.
C. any behavior it follows.
C. any behavior it follows.
Which of the following is not true?

A. Punishment sometimes motivates the behavior that was punished to happen again.
B. Punishment is effective if it completely eliminates the behavior from happening in the moment.
C. Punishment sometimes motivates other behaviors that prevent punishment from happening again.
D. Punishment must motivate no longer engaging in the behavior that was punished to be effective.
B. Punishment is effective if it completely eliminates the behavior from happening in the moment.
Which of the following is not one of the potential undesired consequences of punishment?

A. It can result in an escalation of punishment called a punishment trap.
B. It can permanently suppress the behavior that was punished.
C. It is unlikely to result in the punished organism engaging in the desired positive opposite behavior.
D. Parents believing aggression toward a child is acceptable is a strong predictor for physically abusing their child.
E. It can be reinforcing for the punisher.
B. It can permanently suppress the behavior that was punished.
Which of the following are potential undesired consequences of punishment? (Partial credit for each correct)

A. Modeled aggression
B. Suppression of similar (desired) behaviors
C. Pain induced aggression
D. Punisher is negatively reinforced for punishing
all of the above
When recommending the best way to suppress behavior, which of the following is true?

A. The behavior to be suppressed will determine what strategy to use.
B. The least intrusive and most socially acceptable strategy that will be successful should be used.
C. Positive punishment should be used before negative punishment.
B. The least intrusive and most socially acceptable strategy that will be successful should be used.
Which of the following are alternative ways to suppress behavior other than punishment? (Partial credit for each correct)

A. Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
B. Response prevention
C. Extinction
D. Response cost
E. Variable interval schedule of reinforcement
F. DRO schedule of reinforcement
B, C, and F
___ is when a reinforcer is removed as a consequence of a behavior or a reinforcer is no longer available to be earned as a consequence of a behavior.
response cost
In order for time out from reinforcement to be effective, which of the following must be true? (Partial credit for each correct)

A. The environment the person is in prior to time out must be reinforcing to them.
B. It must be given consistently after every time the behavior to be punished occurs.
C. The person giving the time out must give an explanation of why the person who was sent to time out was sent there.
D. The environment the person goes to for time out must not be reinforcing to them.
A, B, and D
Put the following methods to suppress behavior in the recommended hierarchy for their use from Level I to Level IV.

-Response cost and Time out from reinforcement
-Extinction
-Positive punishment pain-inducing procedures
-Differential reinforcement procedures (DRO, DRA, DRI, and DRL)
1. Differential reinforcement procedures
2. Extinction
3. Response cost and Time out from reinforcement
4. Positive punishment pain-inducing procedures
It is only ethical to use punishment if less severe treatment options have failed and the punishment is not excessive, cruel, or unusual, or it does not cause more pain/discomfort than the behavior itself.

True
False
True
In some cases punishment may be the most humane way to suppress dangerous behavior and thus to not use it would be unethical.

True
False
True
___ is a mild punishment procedure in which the individual loses all opportunities for reinforcement for a specific (typically brief) period of time.
time out from reinforcement
Ken dislikes being cold. He refused to put on a coat so his father turned on the air conditioning in the car and Ken got cold. Ken is now more likely to put on a coat when told to do so.

Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above.

A. Classical conditioning
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Negative punishment
D. Positive punishment
E. Positive reinforcement
F. None of these
D. Positive punishment
Taylor and Mary are married. Every time they kiss Mary touches Taylor's back. Taylor recently noticed that when Mary touched her back she became sexually aroused.

Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above.

A. Classical conditioning
B. Positive punishment
C. Positive reinforcement
D. Negative reinforcement
E. Negative punishment
F. None of these
A. Classical conditioning
My children have learned to say "yes ma'am" to their teachers (in Mississippi) but not to their female relatives who live in Massachusetts. What best explains this?

A. They have been reinforced for saying "yes ma'am" only while in school.
B. They have generalized saying "yes ma'am" to all stimuli that are similar to the teacher who taught them to say it (all female teachers) and discriminate other stimuli (other females who live in Massachusetts) where being called "ma'am" is an insult.
C. They successfully generalized their response to all relevant contexts.
D. The successfully discriminate between the two types of females.
B. They have generalized saying "yes ma'am" to all stimuli that are similar to the teacher who taught them to say it (all female teachers) and discriminate other stimuli (other females who live in Massachusetts) where being called "ma'am" is an insult.
Many adults learn that it is appropriate to use curse/swear words in some settings and not others. Thus, they only swear in the settings that they have learned it will be reinforced in. What is this an example of?

A. classical conditioning
B. the effects of punishment
C. stimulus control
D. the effects of generalization
C. stimulus control
Most students have learned to raise their hand when they wish to speak in class. Thus, when they enter a new classroom they also raise their hand to speak. Thus, raising their hand to speak has ________(A) to other classroom settings. However, these same students do not raise their hand when they wish to speak in other settings because they have ________(B) that the behavior should not take place outside of the classroom.

discriminated
generalized
traveled
A. generalized
B. discriminated
Jaiquon dislikes nagging. Which of the following is likely an example of a negative reinforcer for Jaiquon?

A. When he finishes his late work his boss stops nagging him.
B. When he misses a deadline his boss starts nagging him to finish his work.
A. When he finishes his late work his boss stops nagging him.
Which of the following make punishment more effective? (Partial credit for each correct)

A. Delay between behavior and punishment
B. More severe punishment
C. An alternative to the punished behavior is being reinforced
D. Inconsistent administration
B. More severe punishment
C. An alternative to the punished behavior is being reinforced
If I attempted to reduce talking out of turn in class by removing a quiz point from the person who spoke for each time that person spoke, what would that be an example of?

A. response cost
B. omission training
C. DRO
D. time out
A. response cost
For punishment to be effective it should:

A. produce anger.
B. produce a traumatic reaction.
C. be given in mild form.
D. be immediate.
D. be immediate.
Bill was just sent to sit by himself at the end of the hall doing nothing for 3 minutes after he hit his sister. This is an example of:

A. response-cost.
B. positive punishment.
C. time-out from reinforcement.
D. DRO
C. time-out from reinforcement.
Mario was speeding down the highway and was stopped by a cop. The cop gave Mario a speeding ticket. As a result of receiving the speeding ticket, Mario was less likely to speed when driving down the highway.

Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above.

A. Negative reinforcement
B. Classical conditioning
C. Negative punishment
D. Positive reinforcement
E. Positive punishment
F. None of these
C. Negative punishment
Jamal dislikes loud noises. He recently went to a concert that was too loud for him so he left the concert and felt better. He is now more likely to leave concerts.

Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above.

A. Positive punishment
B. Negative punishment
C. Positive reinforcement
D. Negative reinforcement
E. Classical conditioning
F. None of these
D. Negative reinforcement
A pigeon was trained to peck a disc for food reinforcers when a 16 cm card was presented to the pigeon and trained to not peck the disc when a 10 cm card was presented to the pigeon. Following the training the experimenters presented cards of various sizes to the pigeon and observed how much the pigeon pecked the disc. They found that the pigeon was most likely to peck the disc when an 18 cm card was presented. What phenomenon best explains this?

A. Inhibitory control
B. Discrimination
C. Generalization
D. peak shift
D. A peak shift
Dr. Tran argues that punishment will be most effective if all of the following are true except:

A. The punishment decreases the punished organism's motivation to engage in the behavior being punished
B. The punishment is administered within an hour of the behavior being punished
C. The punishment is administered after every instance of the behavior being punished
D. The only way for the organism to prevent receiving punishment is to not engage in the behavior being punished
B. The punishment is administered within an hour of the behavior being punished
Which of the following are accurate with respect to the manner in which each factor influences the effectiveness of punishment? (Partial credit for each correct)

A. Punishment is most effective when the intensity of the punishment starts off as mild and gets more intense after each occurrence of the behavior being punished.
B. Punishment is most effective when the punished behavior is not also receiving reinforcement.
C. Punishment is most effective when the organism being punished is satiated on the reinforcer that the punished behavior is designed to obtain.
D. Punishment is most effective when the individual punishing is also simultaneously providing reinforcement for alternative (or incompatible) behavior to the behavior being punished.
E. Punishment is most effective when the organism being punished is deprived of the desired outcome that punishment further deprives the organism of.
B, C, D, and E
Which of the following are accurate with respect to the manner in which each factor influences the effectiveness of punishment? (Partial credit for each correct)

A. Punishment is most effective when it is contingent on the behavior being punished occurring.
B. Punishment is most effective when the behavior is punished on a Fixed-Ratio 5 schedule.
C. Punishment is most effective when the intensity is mild.
D. Punishment is most effective when it is administered as immediately as possible after the behavior occurs.
A. Punishment is most effective when it is contingent on the behavior being punished occurring.
D. Punishment is most effective when it is administered as immediately as possible after the behavior occurs
Which of the following is not a key influence on the effectiveness of punishment?

A. Consistency
B. Frequency
C. Immediacy
D. Severity
B. Frequency
Match the correct label of the discriminative stimuli to the correct example.

A. A red traffic light for the behavior of continuing to press the gas peddle
B. A green traffic light for the behavior of continuing to press the gas peddle

S+ (SD)
S- (S△)
A. S- (S△)
B. S+ (SD)
Based on the relationship between consistency of punishment and its effectiveness, which of the following punishment schedules would be most effective in suppressing behavior?

A. Variable-ratio-5
B. Fixed-ratio-10
C. Fixed-ratio-1
D. Variable-interval-20 sec
C. Fixed-ratio-1
Randall always takes his shoes off when he enters his grandmother's home but never does so when entering other houses. Which of the following do you know are accurate?

A. Randall has been punished for keeping his shoes on in his grandmother's house.
B. Randall discriminates between the stimuli of entering his grandmother's home and other houses.
C. Entering his grandmother's home is an excitatory stimulus for removing his shoes.
D. Randall has generalized the behavior of taking his shoes off to his grandmother's house.
B. Randall discriminates between the stimuli of entering his grandmother's home and other houses.
C. Entering his grandmother's home is an excitatory stimulus for removing his shoes.
You receive a ticket for speeding and are fined $500. What type of punishment is this?

A. omission training
B. time out
C. response cost
D. DRO
C. response cost
My children have learned to say "yes ma'am" to their teachers (in Mississippi) but not to their female relatives who live in Massachusetts. What best explains this?

A. They have generalized saying "yes ma'am" to all stimuli that are similar to the teacher who taught them to say it (all female teachers) and discriminate other stimuli (other females who live in Massachusetts) where being called "ma'am" is an insult.
B. The successfully discriminate between the two types of females.
C. They have been reinforced for saying "yes ma'am" only while in school.
D. They successfully generalized their response to all relevant contexts.
A. They have generalized saying "yes ma'am" to all stimuli that are similar to the teacher who taught them to say it (all female teachers) and discriminate other stimuli (other females who live in Massachusetts) where being called "ma'am" is an insult.
When Harlowe turned 18 he registered to vote. On Election Day, Harlowe made sure to go vote. After voting, Harlowe got a sticker and felt really good about himself. As a result he has voted in every election since then.

Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above.

A. Positive reinforcement
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Negative punishment
D. Classical conditioning
E. Positive punishment
F. None of these
A. Positive reinforcement
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