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gen psych parlade final

Terms in this set (85)

social psychologists
study how people think about, influence, and relate to one another (how same people act different in different situations)
Attribution theory
tries to explain how people that observe behavior usually try to explain why that behavior is occurring/ try to explain behavior by looking at the "situation" or the persons "disposition"
situational attribution
there is a lot of traffic today. it must be because it is raining
dispositional attribution
I saw mike yell at his gf. he must be short tempered guy.
fundamental attribution error
tendency when analyzing others behavior to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation
attitudes
feelings that predispose us to act a certain way and that are usually influenced by our beliefs (try to influence attitude by persuasion)
peripheral route persuasion
trying to convince someone without challenging them to think about things in a logical way/ usually results in snap judgements
central route persuasion
trying to convince someone by challenging them to think about things in a logical way
how actions affect attitudes
attitude follow behavior
foot in the door phenomenon
people agreeing to a small request will find it easier to agree later on a larger one
role
set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
cognitive dissonance theory
theory that we try to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
culture
enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people
Norm
understood rules for accepted and expected behavior
automatic mimicry
mimicking what others do without consciously trying to (also called chameleon effect)
Conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard (fit in)
Normative social influence
influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others opinions as new information, conforming becasuse want to be accurate
social facilitation
when the presence of others arouses people, improving performance on easy or well-learned tasks but decreasing it on difficult ones
social loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than whem individually accountable
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
group polarization
enhancment of a groups inclinations through discussion within the group
groupthink
mode of thought when people in a group make decisions based on what other people in the group think
other race effect
tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races
Aggression
genetic, neural, biochemical
mere exposure effect
phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
altruism
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
bystander effect
when being around other people prevents someone from intervening in an emergency situation
Social exchange theory
maximizing rewards and minimizing costs
Reciprocity norm
expectation that people will respond favorably to each other returning benefits for benifits
social-responsibility norm
expectation that people should help those who depend on them
mirror- image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
personality
an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
Psychoanalytic theory
freud/ says that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
humanistic theories
says that personality is created when people move from just trying to meet basic needs to wanting to be self- actualized and fulfilled
freud 3 parts of psychoanalytic theory
id, ego, superego
id
unconscious reservoir that keeps unconscious psychic energy drives
ego
unconscius and conscious part of mind that makes decisions and is rational
superego
unconscious and conscious internalized ideals and standards
repression
pushing something out of your concious mind and into your unconscious mind
collective unconscious
carl jung
projective test
provides ambigusous stimuli and ask test taker to interpert them so that unconscious interpreatations can come forth
thematic apperception test (TAT)
people express inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scences
humanistic
personality psychologists view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
Carl rogers
acceptance, genuineness, empathy (AGE)
Unconditional positive regard
attitude to total acceptence toward another person
Self- concept
all our thought and feeling about ourselves, in answer to the question of Who am I
trait theory
describes personality in terms of traits
factor analysis
part of trait theory/ statistical method of identifying clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together
introversion
not shy/ need only low levels of stimulation from the environment
personality inventory
a type of test or questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to assess selected personality traits
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
most widely researched and clinically used personality test
the big five
(OCEAN) Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neurotictism
openness
highly imaginative, curious about the world
conscientiousness
careful, orginazed and details
extraversion
outgoing like to be around others
agreeableness
empathic, likes helping others
neuroticism
worrisome, anxious, moody
social cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction b/t peoples traits (and thinking) and their social context
reciprocal determinism
interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors and environmental factors
psychological disorders
marked by clinically, significant disturbance in an individual cognition, emotion regulation or behavior
dsm-5
most common tool to classify disorders
anxiety
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors and reduce anxiety (GAD, panic do, phobia)
GAD
person is unexplainably tense and uneasy a lot
panic disorder
panic attacks and fear next unpredictiable episode
phobia
person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object activity or situation
obsessive compulsive disorder
person experiences persistent and repetitive obsessions compulsions or both
post traumatic stress disorder
experience haunting memories, jumpy anxiety, numbness, insomnia
bipolar disorder
crazy emotions
major depressive disorder
depressed mood or anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure)
MDD and BD
learned self helplessness, self defeating beliefs, self focused rumination (overthinking), negative explanatory style
vicious cycle of depression
stressful experiences, negative explanatory, depressed mood, cognitive and behavioral changes
schizophrenia
someone experiencing hallucinations (missed senses), delusions (false beliefs), disorganized speech, inappropriate emotional expression
psychotic disorder
disorder marked by irrationality, distorted perceptions and lost contact with reality
positive symptoms
inappropriate behavior
negative symptoms
no appropriate behavior
flat affect
emotionless, a state of no apparent feeling
impaired theory of mind:
difficulty reading other peoples' facial emotions and states of mind
inappropriate motor behavior
can include too little action (motionless catatonia) or too much (senseless, compulsive actions)
Personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
antisocial personality disorder
person exhibits psychopathy(lack of conscience for wrongdoing)a, is often impulsive, lacks fear, and behaves irresponsibly (or sometimes criminally)
eating disorders
anorexia( starvation, diets or over exersice) , bulimia (binge eating then purging), binge eating
psychotherapy
trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth
biomedical therapy
health professional offers medications and other biological methods
psychoanalytic therapy
(Freud) help patients release unconscious energy so that they can live better lives/ bring repress feelings out and give patients insight into the origin of the problems
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