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End of chapter questions BIO TEST 3

Terms in this set (132)

Most cases of cervical cancer are triggered by
________.
human immunodeficiency virus
Which of the following statements describes innate immunity?
It is a set of fast, general defenses against infection.
Which of the following blood cells is not a white blood cell?
erythrocyte
Which of the following components is involved in innate immunity?
inflammation, fever, phagocytes
Which of the following events occurs during inflammation?
Mast cells release signaling molecules.
Which of the following properties is not unique to adaptive immunity?
antigens
When a B cell, macrophage, or dendritic cell engulfs a bacterium, the bacterium is digested by ______.
lysosomes
Which of the following properties is characteristic of a secondary immune response?
It is faster than a primary immune response
Which of the following body organs is not part of the lymphatic system that aids in immunity?
thyroid
Antibodies are produced by ________.
B cells
Which of the following statements describes the function of effector helper T cells?
They induce B cells to divide.
Which of the following cell types functions in both antibody‐mediated and cell‐mediated immune responses?
effector helper T cells
The cell‐mediated immune response is useful for targeting ________.
pathogens on body surfaces
A severe allergic reaction can trigger ________.
anaphylactic shock
Which of the following diseases is an autoimmune disease?
rheumatoid arthritis
_____ are the first line of defense against pathogens.
skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, gastric
fluid, urine flow, resident bacteria
____ trigger immune responses.
antigens
Antibody‐mediated responses work a
gainst _____.
extracellular pathogens and extracellular toxins
Which of the following is not part of an innate immune response?
antigen presenting cells
Allergies occur when the body responds to____ .
normally harmless substance
________ occur mainly in the brain and spinal cord.
interneurons
Skeletal muscles are controlled by ________ nerves.
NEITHER sympathetic or parasympathetic
Color blindness arises when ________ are missing or defective.
cone cells
rod cell
detects light
cochlea
sorts out pressure waves
brain stem
Connects the brain and spinal cord
cerebral cortex
governs higher thoughts
taste bud
contains chemoreceptors
myelin
speeds signal transmission
blood-brain barrier
protects brain and spinal cord from some toxins
Interneurons send signals to which of the following targets?
motor neurons
Which of the following portions of a neuron transmits a signal to the next cell?
axon
Which of the following structures or chemicals transmits an action potential along a neuron?
gated sodium channels
Which of the following statements describes the transmission of a signal from a neuron to its target
cell?
A chemical signal crosses the synaptic cleft between cells
A decrease in production of the neurotransmitter dopamine is present in people with ________.
Parkinson's disease
Which of the following structures is part of t
he central nervous system?
spinal cord
Which of the following statements describes the function of myelin produced by neuroglial cells?
It provides electrical insulation for the axon
The "fight or flight" response is part of the ________.
autonomic nervous system
Which of the following effects results from stimulation of parasympathetic neurons?
increased sections to the digestive tract
Which of the followings structures is found in the forebrain?
cerebrum
Information about vision is integrated in the ________ of the brain.
occitipal lobe
Which of the following senses is detected by chemoreceptors?
smell
Muscles of the ________ adjust the diameter of the pupil of the eye.
iris
Which of the following statements correctly describes changes in the shape of the lens of the eye?
The lens is flattest when viewing objects at far distances.
Color vision is detected by photoreceptors in the retina called ________.
cone cells
The stirrup, hammer, and anvil are bones in the ________.
middle ear
The sense of balance is detected by the ________.
vestibular apparatus
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are hormones produced in the hypothalamus, but released from
the _____.
posterior pituitary
Which of the following processes forms a zygote?
fertilization
Through which of the following structures in the male reproductive tract do sperm pass last?
urethra
Which of the following glands is not part of the male reproductive system?
sebaceous gland
Through which of the following female reproductive structures would an egg (or embryo or fetus) pass last?
oviduct
Fertilization usually occurs in the ________.
oviduct
The human embryonic stage that implants into the uterus is called the ________.
blastocyst
A developing human is considered a fetus after the ________ week.
8th week
The umbilical cord contains ________.
blood vessels and blood of the fetus only.
The costs of sexual reproduction include _____.
attracting and keeping a mate, producing gametes, nourishing developing young
What organ system is part of the male reproductive system but not part of the female reproductive
system?
urinary
Which hormone is involved in sperm production?
testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
The endometrium _____.
lines the uterus ,is the site of blastocyst implantation, gives rise to maternal portion of the placenta
Which contraceptive method is also effective against sexually transmitted diseases?
total absence
Which embryonic membrane anchors the blastocyst and becomes part of the placenta?
chorion
Blood vessels extend from the fetus, through the _____, and into _____.
umbilical cord, chorionic villi
The optimal birthing time for a "full term" fetus is _____ weeks after fertilization.
38 weeks
Postnatal growth is most rapid between the ages of _____.
13-19 years
testis
produces testosterone
cervix
Entrance to the uterus
placenta
maternal and fetal tissue
vagina
birth canal
ovary
produces estrogen and progesterone
oviduct
usual site of fertilization
prostate gland
adds fluid to sperm in semen
mammary gland
secrete milk
Which of the following glands is not an endocrine gland?
salivary gland
Which of the following conditions is required for a hormone to have an effect on a cell?
The cell must have a receptor for the hormone.
Which of the following glands is also a part of the brain?
hypothalamus
Which of the following glands does not make the hormones that it secretes?
posterior pituitary
Which of the following glands is targeted by inhibitors and releasers from the hypothalamus?
anterior pituitary
Gigantism is a result of excess growth hormone produced by the ________.
anterior pituitary
The thyroid gland in the neck can enlarge to form a goiter if ________ is lacking from the diet.
iodine
Which of the following hormones causes an increase in blood calcium levels?
parathyroid hormone
Insulin is a hormone produced by cells in the ________.
hormone
Which of the following tissues or organs is not targeted by insulin?
stomach
Which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes is false?
obesity increases the risk of it
the adrenal gland is located ________.
attached to the kidneys
Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary to regulate production of sex
hormones?
FSH
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the pineal gland?
melatonin
Signaling molecules that are secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands, endocrine cells, and hypothalamic neurons are called _____.
hormones
Which gland is not correctly paired with its primary functions?
thymus, biological clock and reproductive cycles
ADH and oxytocin are produced in the _____ and released by the _____.
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
Releasers and inhibitors secreted by the hypothalamus regulate the production of other hormones by the _____ gland.
anterior pituitary
Pituitary dwarfism can be treated with the pituitary hormone _____.
GH
A drop in blood levels of thyroid hormone results in increased production of _____ by the _____.
TRH, hypothalamus, TSH, anterior pituitary, thyroid hormone, thyroid gland
Low blood calcium levels cause oversecretion of the hormone _____, which breaks down existing bone
and causes _____.
PTH, rickets
In the pancreas, alpha cells secrete _____ blood glucose levels; and beta cells secrete _____ blood
glucose levels.
glucagon which raises, insulin which lowers
Ovaries produce mostly _____; testes produce mostly _____.
estrogen and progesterone; testosterone
the pineal gland produces melatonin, which is associated with _____.
the biological clock, light levels, onset of puberty
Overproduction of ___ causes acromegaly and pituitary gigantism.
thymosin
The ____ regulate(s) calcium levels in the blood.
parathyroid gland
____ lowers blood sugar levels; _____ raises it.
insulin, glucagon
A rise in hormone concentration in the blood slows production of that hormone in a ____ feedback
loop.
negative
A person with an overly active thyroid gland is more
likely to be unusually _____
anxious
adrenal cortex
stress increases secretion
thyroid gland
hormones require iodine
parathyroid gland
blood calcium effect
pancreatic islets
insulin, glucagon source
pineal gland
_light inhibits secretion
hypothalamus
major control center
testes
make gametes and hormones
Which of the following is the correct order in which information flows through a neuron?
dendrite, cell body, axon
An action potential is propagated along an axon by _____.
changing the voltage difference at successive sections of plasma membrane
The arrival of an action potential at an axon ending triggers _____.
exocytosis of neurotransmitter molecules from the presynaptic cell
_____ are signal molecules that cross a _____ between a neuron and a muscle fiber.
Neurotransmitters, synapse
A(n) _____ carries signals toward the brain, and a(n) _____ carries signals away from the brain.
sensory neuron, motor neuron
Groups of nerve cell bodies that function as a local integrating center are called ____
_.
ganglia
Which of the following is not a part of the peripheral nervous system?
spinal cord
Which of the following is not a response of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
pupils of eye constrict
The coating that surrounds and protects the brain a
nd spinal cord is(are) the _____.
meninges
In the brain, the main center for homeostatic control is the _____.
hypothalamus
Sensory receptors detect energy and send information in the form of _____ to the _____.
action potentials, central nervous system
Which of the following sensations causes a response in taste chemoreceptors?
bitter, salty, umami
The part of the eye which absorbs and transduces light energy is the _____.
retina
In nearsightedness, the visual image is focused _____.
in front of the retina
In the human ear, which structure transduces the mechanical energy of pressure waves into action
potentials?
organ of Corti
________ occur mainly in the brain and spinal cord.
interneurons
Which of the following is not a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
immediate response time
Tears and airway mucus both contain an enzyme called _____ that breaks up bacterial cell walls and
controls microbial populations.
lysozyme
In the inflammatory immune response, _____ cells release _____ which trigger arteriole vasodilation and
increase capillary permeability.
mast, histamines
The antibody‐mediated immune response produces effector _____cells, and the cell‐mediated immune
response produces effector _____ cells.
B, cytotoxic T
The second exposure to an antigen produces a response that is _____ than the response to the first
exposure.
quicker and stronger
Activated _____ cells divide to form many clones which differentiate into _____ cells.
B, effector and memory
HIV is a retrovirus that infects _____ cells
T
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