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Bio exam 1 study guide

Terms in this set (72)

science
a way of knowing, an approach to understanding the natural world
natural
what we can observe and feel
natural science
a process for exploring the natural world via natural causes- the scientific process
evolution
grand unifying theory of bio, decent with modification, change in genetic composition of a population over time
evolution book
written by charles darwin, 1859, called Origin of Species
who published evolution first
Alfred Russel Wallace
sexual selection
survival of the sexier
genetic drift
random changes due to a small population size
cell theory
the bio of life is composed of 1 or more cells
cell
the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms- two types prokaryote and eukaryote
Prokaryote
an organism that has a prokaryote cell, an informal term for an organism in either domain bacteria or woman archaea. DNA is concentrated in a non-membrane enclosed area called nucleoid
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. organisms such as plants, fungi, animals with eukaryote cells
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated
Chloroplast
photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules
endomembrane system
includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane. collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membrane.
nucleus and nucleoid
a membrane-enclosed structure in eukaryotes containing the genetic material organized into chromosomes. contains the genes in a euk cell
nucleolus
prominate structure within the non dividing nucleus
ribosome
make proteins, free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope
Taxonomy
science of naming and defining groups of biological organsims on shared (homologus) biological features
linnaean classification
a hierarchs of increasingly inclusive categories
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species- kids playing chess on freeways get smushed
genus and species
bionomial nomenclature- two part italized name
drosophia melanogaster
fruit fly- kingdom= animal, domain- eukaryote
homo sapiens
humans, kingdom- animalia, domain- eukaryote
escherichia coli
bacterium, kingdom- bacteria, domain- bacteria
macromolecules
nucleic acid, protein, carbohydrates, lipids
nucleic acid structure
phosphate group + 5 carbon sugar + nitrogen base
who proposed the final 3-D DNA published?
watson, crick
topoisomerase (EUK) gyrase (PROK)
sit in the double helix, relieves the tension of the unwinding, keeps the process together
How is there biological variation
creationalism: 1. variation among different species
2. variation within one species
How do scientist organize life
taxonomy- the science of defining and naming groups based on shared biological features/ characterisitcs
binding of single stranded binding proteins
binding proteins to single strands of DNA to keep the DNA unwounded (all steps require ATP)
leading strand
synthesis of new DNA towards each replication fork
lagging strand
synthesis of new DNA away from each replication fork
Helicase
unwinds the double helix
primase
bound to helices and is creating primers for DNA
DNA polymerase 1
changes the RNA primer to DNA, removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
ligase
joins DNA backbone- joins okazaki fragments together
What is the link between DNA and protein?
RNA
3 types of RNA in a cell:
- messenger RNA (mRNA)- recipe for protein
-transfer RNA (tRNA)- translation adapter
-ribosomal RNA(rRNA)- translation machine
template strand
strand that is antiparallel and complimentary to the new RNA strand, it is a strand of DNA
coding strand
the other parallel strand, strand of DNA
codon
3 nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
Anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
how many possible codons given
64
start codons
AUG (methionine)
stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
Ribosomes
Combination of RNA and protein, 2 subunits- large and small (each contain rRNA and protein)
A site
cavity inside ribosome large subunit- aminocyl
P site
holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain, peptidyl
E site
exit site
what are proteins role in a cell
hormones- signaling molecules, receptors, enzymes, movement/motor/contraction, movement, structural
genes
a hereditary unit; a complex unit, a region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product that is either a polypeptide of a RNA molecule
homology
similar in structure/composition of a particular biological feature because of common ancestry
hypothesis
an explanation based on observations and assumptions that leads to a testable prediction, present an idea that can be explored
theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data, to explain observations that are repeated
Carl Woeses contributions to the tree of life
- created a more accurate knowledge of common ancestry among very diverse organisms through the use of conserved, molecular, sequences
-said every organism is made up of cells
- every cell contains ribosomes
- every ribosome contains RNA
who discovered DNA?
frederick meischer 1870s
when did they discover that DNA is part of a chromosome
1915
when did they discover that DAN is hereditary material?
1943
When did they discover the 3D structure of DNA?
1953
reading frame
the division of succession. non-overlapping triplets of nucleotides in mRNA into codons
small subunit
portion of the ribosome that first associates with the transcript
what is one molecular example supporting the common ancestry of all cells/living organisms on planet earth?
all living cells/organisms have... ribosomes/ DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase/ helicase, etc.
RNA polymerase
protein that synthesizes mRNA from DNA
describe one major difference between the general mechanisms by which prokaryotes and eukaryotes regulate gene expression:
eukaryotes can regulate gene expression via alternative splicing of mRNA, prokaryotes cannot
homo sapiens are found in the biological kingdom
animalia
this domain shares a most recent ancestor with eukarya
archaea
this domain contains cells with the largest size
eukaryotes
a non-moving e. coli cell that is placed in a tube with a sugar gradient (high sugar concentration on one side, low on the other) producess flagellum and swims towards the high sugar concentration.
a difference in gene expression
a dna synthesis error causes a newly copied e. coli genome to contain an error in the DNA poluermase 3 gene. as a result of this error, DNA polyermerase 3 is functionally impaired
mutation
z gene
breaks lactose into glucose and galactose
y gene
channel to import lactose
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